bacterial nutritional growth

all known life on earth is _____________-_______

carbon-based

what microorganisms can make their own food from CO2

autotrophs

autotrophs produce _________________ ___________ by ___________ CO2

organic compounds; reducing

heterotrophs rely on _________ molecules

organic

what microorganisms obtain food from outside sources

heterotrophs

photoautotrophs use ___________ and ______ to make food

light and CO2

examples of photoautotrophs

green sulfur

purple sulfur

cyanobacteria

algae

chemoautotrophs use _________ and ______ to make food

chemicals and CO2

chemoautotrophs use ____________ _________ as ______________ agents

inorganic compounds as reducing agents

provide some examples of chemoautotrophs

iron sulfur

hydrogen

nitrifying

archeobacteria

autotrophs can be further broken down into _______________ and ______________

photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

heterotrophs can be further broken down into __________________ and _____________

photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

photoheterotrophs get energy from ___________ and ready-made __________

light, carbon

provide examples of photoheterotrophs

purple non sulfur

green non sulfur

chemoheterotrophs get energy from ______________ and ready-made ________

chemicals, carbon

most common type of energy form in organisms

chemoheterotrophs

Obligate aerobes require

Oxygen

what are obligate aerobes limited by

available O2

obligate anaerobes do not need

oxygen

they are burned by oxygen

obligate anaerobes are not limited by

O2

what type of microorganisms can we find at the top of the tube

obligate aerobes

what type of microorganisms can we find at the bottom of the tube

obligate anaerobes

what microorganisms can switch their metabolism to live with or without oxygen

facultative

what microorganisms do best in low oxygen

microaerophile

what type of microorganisms can be found evenly spread through out liquid filled tube

aerotolerant anaerobes

common anaerobe found in gum tissue

f. nucleatum

deep gum pockets allows for the proliferation of what

anaerobes

what bacteria thrive between 25-40 * C

mesophiles

most medically important bacteria in regard to living temperature

mesophiles

what bacteria thrive between 55-80*C

thermophiles

what bacteria thrive at temperature below 20*C

psychrophiles

most bacteria thrive at ___________ pH

neutral

bacteria that thrive at really low pH

acidophiles

examples of acidophiles

lactobacillus

streptococcus

bacteria that live at high osmolarity

halophiles

what sequesters iron in bacteria

siderophores

what sequesters iron in humans

lactoferrin

lactoferrin is ___________ and found in _____________, __________, __________, ___________ ______

antimicrobial; saliva, tears, bile, breast milk

where might heterotrophs find other carbon sources

sucrose

lactose

startch

glycogen

what enzyme breaks down sucrose? into what?

sucrase --> glucose + fructose

what enzyme breaks down lactose? into what?

lactase --> glucose + galactose

facilitated diffusion is ___________ transport utilizing ____________ ___________

passive; carrier proteins

what are examples of active transport

permease

proton pump

ATP pump

group translocation _________ what comes into the cell so that it ____________ _______ the cell

modifies; stays in

bacterial growth phases in order

lag

log

stationary

decline

the lag phase is an _____________ phase

adaptation

what phase of the bacterial growth cycle sees rapid cell division

log phase

a bacteria colony is balancing its nutrients and toxins, what growth phase is it in

stationary

equal live and death rate

stationary phase

what would instigate the decline phase

no nutrients,

too many toxins

when would biphasic growth occur

when there are two or more sugars

primary growth in biphasic growth uses

sucrose

secondary growth in biphasic growth uses

lactose

the preferred metabolite is

glucose

the lag phase in biphasic growth occurs when

all sucrose is depleted

how do bacteria replicate

binary fission

the growth in the log phase is

exponential

what completes cell membrane formation in binary fission

transpeptidase

when is it beneficial to administer penicillin

during log phase

during log growth, bacteria secrete __________________ to trigger _______ ____________

autoinducers; group behaviors

a bacteria starts secreting siderophores and proteases, what instructed this change

autoinducer

how to regulate bacterial growth

deplete metabolites

toxic build up

quorum sensing

temperature

pH

what allows for the detection of how many bacteria are in one area

quorum sensing

what would stop the growth of new bacteria

alarmones

bacteria utilize ____________ ______ to regulate peptidoglycan growth

D-amino acids

D-amino acids allow for bacteria to move to the ______________ _______

stationary phase

what limits binary fission and most greatly affects the stationary phase

bacteriostatic agent

what kills bacteria and instigates the death phase

bactericidal agent

in times of stress, bacteria form an

endospore

T or F: bacterias in an endospore are active

false, they are dormant and do not have metabolism

what is the makeup of an endospore

calcium dipicolinate cortex with minimal cytoplasm

_____________ and _______________ are gram positive bacteria that form an endospore

bacilus, clostridium

_______________ _________ is good for growing bacteria, as it is rich in carbon and water

complex media

what growth media only has one growth agent

minimal media

which media can grow ONE specific kind of microorganisms

selective

gram negative will grow on _______

EMB

gram positive will grow on

MSA

what media is selective for hemolytic streptococcus

blood agar

what media can grow two types of microorganisms and tell the difference

differential media

can tell lactose fermentation

macconkey

pink --> ferment lactose

can tell mannitol fermentation

MSA

respiration ____________ ATP and _________ energy

hydrolyzes; releases

where does cellular respiration occur in prokaryotes

cell membrane

where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotes

mitochondria

what is the universal intermediate of catabolic pathways

pyruvate

without the presence of oxygen, pyruvate will lead to

fermentation

with the presence of oxygen, pyruvate will lead to the

citric acid cycle

what process takes glucose into pyruvate

glycolysis

glycolysis follows the _______ pathway and it is ___________ _____________

EMP; almost universal

T or F: EMP is only anaerobic

false, aerobic and anaerobic

net end products of glycolysis

2 ATP

2 pyruvate

2 NADH

some bacteria use __________ pathway and gain _________

entner doudoroff; 1 ATP

some plants and animals use ________ ______________ _______ and gain __________

pentose phosphate shunt; 1 ATP

products of the citric acid cycle

2 ATP

8 NADH

2 FADH2

6 CO2

pyruvate becomes __________________ prior to the citric acid cycle

acetyl CoA

TCA yields many

amino acids

when would an organism undergo the glyoxylate cycle instead of TCA

no glucose, only acetate

what is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

O2

what is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

inorganic molecule: nitrate, iron, CO2

how many ATP in the ETC alone

30-32