TMSCA bio 23/24

Paracrine Signaling

Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells.

Exocrine Signaling

secretion into ducts that lead out of the body (ie. sweat glands, digestive system etc)

Endocrine Signaling

Specialized cells release hormone molecules into vessels of the circulatory system, by which they travel to target cells in other parts of the body.

Autocrine Signaling

the target cell is also the secreting cell

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

R-Selected Species

a species that has a high intrinsic growth rate, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs

K-Selected Species

a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene

Epistatic

genes that mask the expression of other genes

Pleiotropy

The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.

Incomplete Dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

Codominance

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

Intermediate Phenotype

Phenotype that combines the phenotypes of a dominant and a recessive allele; product of incomplete dominance

Fermentation

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Fermentation produces what?

ethanol and lactate

Lactic Acid Fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

Alcoholic Fermentation

the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol

NADH

the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration

NADPH

An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming NADPH, which provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle.

NADP+

carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

Thylakoid Membrane

The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.

FADH2

An energy carrier that transport less energy than NADH but more than ATP

Diversifying Selection

a type of natural selection in which organisms with phenotypes at both extremes of the phenotypic range are favored by the environment

Disruptive Selection

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

Directional Selection

Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

Stabilizing Selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

Zoonotic

disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans

Lytic Cycle

a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses

Lysogenic Cycle

a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA

Gel Electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Operons

genes that coordinate the regulation of gene expression

Promoters

regions of DNA that have specific base sequences

UTRs

untranslated regions of mRNA

still exist in the 5' to 3' edges of the transcript because the ribosome initiates translation at the start codon (AUG) and will end at one of the three stop codons

Introns

Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences.

ribosome subunits

Large and small subunits (located in cytosol when not active) come together during protein synthesis.

After protein synthesis:

Some remain in cytosol

Some attach to RER.