JMU HTH 100 Final (Sutton)

15-24 year olds

age group that nearly half of newly diagnosed STD's come from

sexual intercourse, anal intercourse, oral-genital contact, or hand-genital contact

routes of transmission for STD's

pelvic inflammatory disease or epididymitis- also at risk of getting a UTI

women with gonorrhea and chlamydia my develop what?

pelvi inflammatory disease

infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries- risk of infertility- symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and unusual vaginal discharge

epididymitis

when you see a picture of one large ball and another regular sized ball

chlamydia

no symptoms, mostly affects women, easily treated with antibiotics- if left untreated it can affect the prostate gland and seminal vesicles in men, affect the cervix and fallopian tubes in women, and cause arthritis-like symptoms and damage to the heart and blood vessicles

gonorrhea (1)

caused by the bacterial pathogen called Neisseria gonorrhoeae

gonorrhea (2)

infects the lining of the urethra, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum- can be treated with antibiotics but if left untreated it can cause infertility

gonococcal conjunctivitis in newborn's eyes

can cause blindness- treated with erythromycin or tetracycline drops or ointment

syphilis (1)

caused by bacterial organism that can be treated with antibiotics

syphilis (2)

1. primary stage is when a chancre develops and disappears within 3-6 weeks- 2. secondary stage when a rash or white rash on the skin appears and lasts a few weeks or months- 3. latent stage is when infectious lesions appear

herpes

caused by virus- no cure, but Valtrex, Famvir, and Zovirax can ease symptoms

HSV 1

oral herpes

HSV 2

genital herpes

HPV

poses a risk of cervical cancer

genital warts

caused by HPV- most common form of STD- two types, genital or flat

cause of Candidias

yeastlike fungus called Candid albicans are normal inhabitants of the vagina tract but if normal bio chemical balance is disturbed, they multiply and cause a fungal disease

Candidias

symptoms include itching, burning, white discharge and can be treated with antifungal drugs or suppositories

Trichomoniasis

spread through sexual contact or toilet seats, wet towels, or other items with discharge on them- symptoms include foamy, yellowish, smelly discharge along with burning, itching, and painful urination

cause of Trichomoniasis

determined by the presence of the causative protozoan from a fluid sample and treated with Flagyl to both partners

Pubic lice- "crabs"

spread through sexual contact- itching, bluish-gray skin color, and genital sores- treated with over-the-counter products along with washing all bedding and towels

cause of scabies

itchy, contagious skin disease from an infestation of the itch mite

how scabies is transmitted

sexual contact or direct skin-to-skin contact is the mode of transmission

symptoms of scabies

skin rash composed of small red bumps and blisters and itching

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

drop in CD4 cells to 1/5 the level of a healthy person

1/25 infections means they are likely to move to aids- what is the most significant?

how HIV works

virus from infected host enters the body- easiest route of entry is the mucous membranes of the genitals and anus- once inside, the virus multiplies and destroys helper T cells- the body produces antibodies and changes cell structures

high risk behaviors for transmission of HIV

exchange of bodily fluids or contaminated needles

symptoms of HIV/AIDS

immune system changes over time so hard to notice at first- colds, sore throats, tiredness, nausea, and night sweats

less than 37 weeks

premature baby

37-42 weeks gestation- usually weighs 5 pounds 8 ounces

full term baby

after 42 weeks

post term babe

fertility

a person's ability to reporduce

conception

fertilization of ovum by sperm- need a viable egg, viable sperm, and access to egg by sperm

contraception

methods of preventing conception

the moment a sperm fertilizes an ovum in the fallopian tube

when does the process of pregnancy start

perfect-use failure rate

number of pregnancies likely to occur in the first year of use of a particular birth control method if the method is used consistently and correctly

typical-use failure rate

number of pregnancies likely to occur in the first year of use of a particular birth control method if the method is not consistent or always correct

barrier methods

contraceptive methods used to block the meeting of an egg and sperm by means of a physical barrier, chemical barrier, or both

examples of barrier methods

male condom, female condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, jellies/suppositories/creams, the sponge

hormonal methods

methods that depend on the use of synthetic estrogen and/or progesterone

oral contraceptives

combination pill- estrogen and progestin- 91% effective

minipills

progestin only pills

Ortho Evra

contraceptive skin patch's name

contraceptive skin patch

estrogen and progestin that is 91% effective

abdomen, upper outer arm, buttocks, and upper torso on the back

where can the contraceptive skin patch be worn?

NuvaRing

name for vaginal contraceptive ring

vaginal contraceptive ring

estrogen and progestin and used for three weeks and contains a lower dosage of estrogen

Depo-Provera

name for the contraceptive injection

contraceptive injections

progestin only and lasts 3 months and takes effect after the first 24 hours

Nexplanon

name for contraceptive implants

contraceptive implants

progestin only

IUD

T-shaped device implanted in the uterus

ParaGard- Mirena- Skyla

12 years- 5 years- 3 years

withdrawal

method of contraception that involves taking the penis out before ejaculation

abstinence

deliberately avoiding intercourse

outercourse

oral-genital and mutual masturbation

cervical mucus, body temperature, and the calendar method

fertility awareness methods

tubal litigation

female sterilization that involves cutting and tying off or cauterization of the fallopian tubes

hysterectomy

surgical removal of fallopian tubes and sometimes ovaries and uterus

vasectomy

form of sterilization that involves cutting and tying off both vas defrentia

emergency contraceptive pills

taken within three days after unprotected intercourse to prevent fertilization or implantation

infertility

inability to conceive after a year or more of trying

main causes of infertility

pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis

in vitro fertilization

a medical procedure whereby an egg is fertilized by sperm in a test tube or elsewhere outside the body

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

injection by a micro-needle of a single sperm into an egg that has been obtained from an ovary followed by transfer of the egg to an incubator where fertilization takes place and then by introduction of the fertilized egg into a female's uterus

gamete intrafallopian transfer

a method of assisting reproduction in cases of infertility that involves obtaining eggs from an ovary, mixing them with sperm, and inserting them into a fallopian tube by a laparoscope

zygote intrafallopian transfer

used when a blockage in the fallopian tubes prevents the normal binding of sperm to the egg- egg cells are removed from a woman's ovaries and in vitro fertilized- resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube by the use of laparoscopy

sexual identity

determined by interaction of genetic, physiological, environmental, and social factors

gonads

reproductive organs- testes in men and ovaries in women

puberty

period of sexual maturation

pituitary gland

endocrine gland that controls the release of hormones from gonads

gender

characteristics and actions associated with being feminine or masculine as defined by the society in which one lives

penis

male organ through which urine and semen are expelled

scrotum

external sac of tissue that encloses the testes

testes

male sex organs and where testosterone is produced

epididymides

duct system atop the testes where sperm matures

vasa defrentia

tube that transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

ejaculatory duct

tube formed by the junction of seminal vesicles and vas deferen that carries sperm to urethra

urethra

the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen

seminal vesicles

pair of glands that open into the vas deferen near its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen

Prostate gland

secretes chemicals to help sperm fertilize an ovum and secretes neutralizing fluids into semen

Cowper's gland

secretes pre-ejaculatory fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes and acid remaining after urination

vulva

external female genitals that includes all outwardly visible structures that include mons pubis, labia majora/minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and hymen

perineum

tissue found between vulva and anus

vagina

internal tube-shaped organ from vulva to uterus

uterus

internal organ that houses the developing fetus

endometrium

spongy matter that makes up the uterine lining

cervix

lower end of the uterus that opens into the vagina

ovaries

a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced

fallopian tubes

site of fertilization and passageway for fertilized eggs

Follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates the ovarian follicle to grow- produce estrogen which encourages the uterine lining to build up

Luteinizing hormone

stimulates the ovary to release an egg

proliferative phase

egg develops ands endometrium proliferates- estrogen is released

secretory phase

after ovulation, progesterone is secreted to make the endometrium thicker and suitable for a fertilized egg

menstrual phase

if the egg is not fertilized the endometrium withers off, levels of estrogen and progesterone drop, the uterus lining sheds, and menstrual bleeding occurs

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

physiological disorder caused by hormonal deficiency, abnormal levels of thyroid hormone, imbalance of estrogen or progesterone, and social/environmental factors

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

causes depression, hopelessness, anger, anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and tension- treated like PMS or with antidepressants (serotonin reuptake inhibitors like Prozac)

dysmenorrhea

painful menses or discomfort in lower abdomen before or after menstruation- primary begins 6 months to 1 year after first period while secondary has an underlying physical cause