Genetic Disorders & Diseases from Cell Cycle Errors

Cancer

happens when cells lose control of the cell cycle and divide uncontrollably. These cells may invade other tissues and avoid normal death (apoptosis).

Apoptosis

is programmed cell death. It helps remove damaged or unnecessary cells from the body.

Metastasis

is the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body. It can cause the cancer to grow in different organs or tissues.

p53 Gene

helps control cell division by stopping the cycle when DNA is damaged. If this gene is faulty or missing, cancer may develop.

Aneuploidy

is a condition where cells have the wrong number of chromosomes. This can happen if chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis.

Down Syndrome

Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (Trisomy 21). It leads to intellectual disability and distinct facial features.

Turner Syndrome

A genetic disorder in females where one X chromosome is missing. It causes short height, infertility, and sometimes heart or kidney problems.

Klinefelter Syndrome

Occurs in males with an extra X chromosome (XXY). It may cause delayed growth, infertility, and learning difficulties.

Jacob Syndrome

A condition in males with an extra Y chromosome (XYY). It may cause increased height, acne, and sometimes learning challenges.

Edward's Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

Caused by an extra chromosome 18. It results in severe developmental delays and physical abnormalities.

Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

Caused by an extra chromosome 13. It leads to severe brain and physical defects, often resulting in early infant death.

Cri-du-chat Syndrome

Caused by a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5. Babies have a high-pitched cry and intellectual disability.

Triple X Syndrome (Superfemale)

Females have an extra X chromosome (XXX). Most have normal development, but some may have delayed motor skills or limited fertility.

Atherosclerosis

A disease where the walls of arteries thicken due to fat and white blood cell buildup. It’s linked to cell cycle problems in smooth muscle cells.

Coronary Heart Disease

Blood flow to the heart is reduced due to blocked arteries. It's a major cause of heart attacks.

Stroke

Caused by blocked or burst blood vessels in the brain. It can lead to permanent damage depending on the area affected.

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Affects blood vessels in the limbs, especially the legs. It reduces circulation and can cause pain or numbness.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Damage to the heart caused by untreated strep infections. It affects valves and can be life-threatening.

Congenital Heart Disease

Heart defects present at birth. They are caused by abnormal development during early cell division.

Thrombosis / Pulmonary Embolism

is when a blood clot forms in a vein, usually in the leg. If the clot travels to the lungs, it becomes a pulmonary embolism.