English Final

What are the different parts of a citation in MLA format?

1. Author(s): Last name, First name (for the first author); First name Last name (for additional authors)

2. Title of Source: In quotation marks for shorter works (articles, poems, short stories); italicized for longer works (books, plays, entire websites)

3. Title of Container: The larger work containing the source (e.g., a journal, anthology, or website), italicized

4. Other Contributors: Editors, translators, etc. (preceded by their roles)

5. Version: Edition number, version, or revised edition information

6. Number: Volume and/or issue number for journals, magazines, or multivolume works

7. Publisher: The organization responsible for producing the work

8. Publication Date: Most complete date available (year is always required)

9. Location: Page numbers, URL, DOI, or physical location

What is the purpose of MLA style?

MLA style provides a standardized format for academic writing in the humanities, ensuring consistency in how papers are structured and sources are cited. It helps writers give proper credit to original authors, thereby avoiding plagiarism and maintaining academic integrity while building credibility for their own work. Additionally, MLA formatting creates a professional appearance that allows readers to focus on content rather than presentation, while providing the information necessary for others to locate and verify sources.

What are the steps involved in the research process?

Choose a topic, Develop research questions, Find credible sources, Evaluate sources, Take notes, Create a thesis statement, Organize your information, Write your draft, Cite your sources, Revise and edit.

What are 'marginalized people'?

Those who are treated as insignificant, pushed to the edges of society, and rendered powerless due to factors like discrimination or exclusion.

How can you paraphrase information from a source?

Fully understand the original source, identify the main points, and then rephrase the information using your own words and sentence structure.

What is the function of a thesis statement in an essay?

To give the topic and basic idea of a poem.

What is the purpose of the Works Cited page?

To collect all of the sources used in a text and arrange them so they are easy for your reader to locate.

How does imagery create a specific effect in poetry?

It allows the reader to clearly see, touch, taste, smell, and hear what is happening.

What are some common poetic forms?

1. Sonnet: A 14-line poem with specific rhyme schemes. There are two main types:

   • Petrarchan/Italian sonnet: Divided into an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines)

   • Shakespearean/English sonnet: Three quatrains (4 lines each) and a couplet (2 lines)

2. Haiku: A Japanese form with three lines following a 5-7-5 syllable pattern, traditionally focusing on nature and seasonal references

3. Limerick: A five-line poem with an AABBA rhyme scheme, often humorous or nonsensical

4. Free verse: Poetry without regular patterns of rhyme or meter, allowing for creative expression

5. Ballad: Narrative poems often set to music with a regular rhythm and rhyme scheme (typically ABCB)

6. Villanelle: A 19-line poem with repeating lines and a specific pattern (like "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night")

7. Ode: A formal, often ceremonial poem addressing a person, object, or abstract concept

8. Elegy: A poem of mourning or reflection on the deceased

9. Epic: A lengthy narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds and events significant to a culture

10. Blank verse: Unrhymed poetry written in iambic pentameter (Shakespeare's plays use this extensively)

What are vignettes?

A short, descriptive piece that focuses on a specific moment or scene rather than a full-fledged plot.

What are some literary devices used in poetry?

Metaphor, simile, hyperbole, personification, onomatopoeia.

What is the historical context of the novel 'Kitchen Boy'?

The novel is set against the backdrop of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath, including the execution of the Romanov family and the Russian Civil War.

What is the main conflict of the story in 'Kitchen Boy'?

The Romanovs vs the Bolsheviks.

What motivates Misha to record his story?

To preserve the truth about what happened to the Romanov family and share his eyewitness account with future generations.

Why is Leonka chosen to be the messenger?

His role symbolizes escape, brings outside influence into the Romanovs' world, and highlights his perspective as a witness to history.

Who are the Romanov daughters?

Grand Duchess Maria is one of the daughters, and she ends up being Katia’s grandmother.

What is the significance of the notes written in French in 'Kitchen Boy'?

The French notes in "The Kitchen Boy" serve as a private communication method between the Tsar and Tsarina, reflecting the Russian aristocracy's cultural practices while creating a barrier between the royals and their Russian subjects. These notes contain intimate thoughts and potential escape plans, adding historical authenticity and emotional depth to the narrative. They also function as a key plot device that enhances the novel's mystery elements regarding the final days of the Romanov family and the possibility of survivors.

What does the author convey about Tsar Nicholas II's leadership?

He is portrayed as a tragic, out-of-touch figure—kind but weak and indecisive, contributing to his family's downfall.

How does the opened window foreshadow future events in 'Kitchen Boy'?

It symbolizes hope and deception, reflecting the family's ultimate fate and creating a connection between internal and external conflicts.

What is hidden in the Romanov family's garments?

Jewels.

Who brings supplies for the Romanov family?

The Nuns.

Who is described as 'conniving to win their trust'?

Yurovsky.

Which Romanov child has always known suffering?

Heir Alexei, who has hemophilia.

What is the purpose of lying about their age in the camp in 'Night'?

To increase their chances of survival.

What is the symbolic meaning of Elie's inheritance from his father?

Commonplace items that represent the last remnants of dignity, survival, and parental care.

What literary genre is 'Night'?

It is a memoir, specifically a Holocaust memoir, incorporating elements of autobiography and testimony.

What was Elie's primary focus before the war?

Studying the Torah, Talmud, and Kabbalah.

What were the beliefs of the Jews in Sighet before 1944?

They were optimistic and in denial about the Nazi threat.

What does Elie experience in the concentration camp?

Extreme suffering, dehumanization, hunger, violence, and loss of faith.

What is a central theme explored in 'Night'?

The struggle to maintain faith in the face of suffering.

What are some of Elie’s conflicting emotions?

Guilt, shame, anger toward God, despair, and confusion.

Why did Wiesel write 'Night'?

To bear witness to the horrors of the Holocaust and honor the memory of those who died.

What is the definition of a ghetto?

A section of a city where Jews were forced to live in overcrowded conditions.

Who liberates the Buchenwald camp?

The American army on April 11, 1945.

Who is the audience for Saboor's story in Chapter 1 of 'And the Mountains Echoed'?

His children, Abdullah and Pari.

What are dīvs and jinns?

• Dīvs are malevolent supernatural creatures from Persian mythology. They're often portrayed as giant demons or monsters who can cause harm to humans. In the book, they appear in the folktale that Saboor tells his children at the beginning, representing destructive forces.

• Jinns (also spelled as "jinn" or "djinn") are supernatural beings in Islamic mythology and pre-Islamic Arabian folklore. Unlike dīvs, jinns can be either good or evil. They're often described as intelligent beings made of smokeless fire who can take different forms

What is the English translation of Baba Ayub's village name?

'Qosh-e-Safid,' which translates to 'White Eagle.'

How does the author describe Qais's charm?

Qais is portrayed as having natural charisma and an effortless ability to connect with people. His charm is described as:

1. Having a magnetic personality that draws people to him

2. Possessing a disarming smile that puts others at ease

3. Being naturally sociable and able to make friends easily

4. Having a gift for storytelling that captivates his audience

5. Displaying confidence without arrogance

What is the significance of dīvs and jinn in Afghan folklore?

This name is significant as it creates a contrast between the peaceful, fertile setting suggested by the name and the harsh reality that unfolds in the story. The village name helps establish the pastoral setting before tragedy strikes Baba Ayub's famil

How does the storyteller describe Qais's charm?

a small, energetic boy with a boundless love for laughter and a tendency to sleepwalk.

What is the purpose of the folktale about the div in Chapter 1?

To foreshadow Saboor’s decision to give up Pari and explore themes of sacrifice.

Why is Abdullah punished by his father in Chapter 2?

He secretly follows Saboor and Pari on their trip to Kabul.

What happened to Abdullah & Parwana’s biological mother?

She died giving birth to Pari.

What is the significance of Pari's feather collection?

It symbolizes her bond with Abdullah and serves as a memory of her lost past.

What village are Saboor & Parwana from?

Shadbagh, a poor rural village.

What does Nabi do in Kabul?

He works as a chauffeur and servant for the Wahdati family.

What does Masooma convince Parwana to do in the desert?

To leave her behind to die, feeling like a burden.

Explain how Parwana and Masooma hurt each other.

1. Initial Jealousy: Parwana grows increasingly jealous of Masooma, who is described as the more beautiful and charming of the twins. Masooma receives more attention from others, especially from Saboor, the man Parwana secretly loves.

2. The Tragic Accident: The pivotal moment occurs when Parwana, consumed by jealousy, momentarily lets go of Masooma's hand while they're climbing a tree. This results in Masooma falling and suffering a devastating spinal injury that paralyzes her for life.

3. Lifetime of Guilt and Resentment: After the accident, Parwana becomes Masooma's caretaker, trapped in a life of servitude driven by guilt. Though Parwana never admits her role in the accident, Masooma seems to intuitively know the truth.

4. Masooma's Emotional Manipulation: Knowing Parwana's feelings for Saboor, Masooma sometimes uses her condition to make Parwana feel guilty and keep her from pursuing happiness.

5. The Ultimate Sacrifice: Eventually, Masooma asks Parwana to abandon her, claiming it as an act of mercy to free her sister. This request forces Parwana to choose between her duty to her sister and her chance at happiness with Saboor

What is Markos Varvaris's profession?

A plastic surgeon connected to themes of compassion and personal growth.

Why does Pari find mathematics appealing?

It offers her structure and clarity in contrast to her fragmented identity.

What is Roshi’s story?

A young girl who survived a brutal family massacre.

How does Adel's mother's background connect to the novel's themes?

Her past as a privileged woman mirrors themes of displacement and identity.

How does Gholam's family connection complicate his life?

He struggles with his legacy and societal perceptions as the son of a former warlord.

What is the impact of Thalia's scars?

They isolate her socially but shape her inner strength.

How does Markos' illness influence his character?

It makes him more introspective and empathetic.

What is the emotional impact of the reunion between Pari and Abdullah?

Bittersweet—deeply emotional yet painful due to Abdullah's dementia.

Where is “Abe” at the end of the novel?

In a nursing home, mentally distant.

What is the significance of the object young Pari brings to her aunt in Paris?

A box of feathers—symbolizing a connection between past and present.

What are some major themes in 'And the Mountains Echoed'?

Sacrifice, family bonds, memory, identity, loss, and intergenerational effects of separation.