HHD - U3 & U4

Classifying Countries

- high income

- middle income (upper and lower middle)

- low income

Characteristics of high, middle and low income countries

- environmental

- economic

- social

High Income Country

- GNI of $14000 or more

- the nations with the highest overall standards of living

Upper Middle Income Country

- GNI of $4500 - $14000

Lower Middle Income Country

- GNI of $1100 - $4500

Low Income Country

- GNI of up to $1100

- nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor

Economic Characteristics

- levels of poverty

- average incomes

- global trade

- range of industries

Environmental Characteristics

- food security

- housing

- safe water & sanitation

- infrastructure

- levels of carbon dioxide

Social Characteristics

- gender equity

- birth rates

- levels of education

- levels of employment

- access to health system

- social security system

- access to technology

- legal systems

Human Development

- creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests

Human Development - Characteristics

- lead long and healthy lives

- achieve a decent standard of living

- lead productive lives

- lead creative lives

- have access to knowledge

- have access to resources

- participate in the community

- participate in decisions

Human Development Index (HDI)

- a measure that estimates the level of human development for a country

- uses 3 dimensions

- uses 4 indicators

- uses a number between 0 (low HD) and 1 (high HD)

Human Development Index (HDI) - Dimensions

- long and healthy life

- knowledge

- decent standard of living

Human Development Index (HDI) - Indicators

- life expectancy at birth

- mean years of schooling

- expected years of schooling

- GNI per capita

Human Development Index (HDI) - Advantages

- considers more than average income

- one singular statistic makes comparison easier

- can compare data over time

Human Development Index (HDI) - Limitations

- it is base on averages (not looking at inequalities within a country)

- neglects feelings, choices and lifestyle

- collecting data is complex

Life Expectancy

- high in high income countries

- low in low income countries, but is increasing

Mortality (adult, maternal, infant, under 5) and YLL

- low in high income countries

- decreasing in low income countries

Morbidity, YLD and non-communicable diseases

- increasing in high income countries

- increasing in low income countries

Double Burden of Disease

- low in high income countries

- rising in low income countries

Factors that contribute to health status and human development

- access to safe water

- sanitation

- poverty

- discrimination

Factors that contribute to health status and human development - poverty

- nutritious food

- adequate housing

- clean water

- sanitation

- healthcare

- education

- infra-structure

Factors that contribute to health status and human development - discrimination

- race

- religion

- sex assigned at birth

- gender identity

- sexual orientation

Poverty

- refers to deprivation (a lack of)

Poverty - relative

- those living on less than 50% of their country's average income

Poverty - extreme/absolute

- those living on less than a certain amount per day (often US$3.00 a day)

Discrimination

when a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity

Double Burden of Disease

- when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by-side in one community, such as undernutrition and obesity

Non-communicable Diseases

- conditions that are usually long-lasting and generally progress slowly

- not spread through the environment

- include cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, obesity and diabetes

Communicable Diseases

- infectious diseases that are transmitted from the environment ( air, water, food and other infected organisms)

Equity

- fairness, impartiality, justice

Equality

- the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities

Sustainability

- meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need

Dimensions of Sustainability

- social

- economic

- environmental

Economic Sustainability

- ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation & living costs in the future

Economic Sustainability - Factors

- trade

- employment / job creation

- economic growth

- innovation and diversity of industries

Environmental Sustainability

- ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future

Environmental Sustainability - Factors

- biodiversity

- use of natural resources

- waste removal and pollution

- climate change

Social Sustainability

- creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely

- social resources include access to human rights, education, health care, political empowerment and connection to community

Social Sustainability - Factors

- gender equality

- elimination of poverty

- peace and security

- legal rights

- social protection systems

- safe and decent working conditions

Relationships between dimensions of sustainability

- the environmental aspect of sustainability is considered the largest dimension of sustainability because social and economic sustainability depend on it

Global Trends

- patterns of social, environmental and economic activity that affects many countries and require action to be taken at a global level

Global Trends - Examples

- climate change

- conflict

- mass migration

- increased world trade (alcohol, cigarettes, processed food)

- digital technology

- tourism

Global Trends - climate change & extreme weather events

- melting glaciers

- rising sea levels

- droughts

- fires

- floods

Climate Change

- refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns as a result of global warming

Climate Change - Extreme Weather Events

- catastrophic events, such as floods, fires, hurricanes and earthquakes

- increased frequency and intensity

Climate Change - Changing Weather Patterns

- changes in seasonal weather patterns

Climate Change - Rising Sea Levels

- increases volume of the earth's oceans

- a result of increasing temperature, melting glaciers

Consequences of Rising Sea Levels

- forced relocation

- reduced availability of food

- reduction in fresh water

- changes in biodiversity

Impacts of Changing Weather Patterns & Extreme Weather Events

- more infectious disease

- less access to fresh water

- increased homelessness

- less food and increased hunger & malnutrition

- increased BOD from CVD and asthma

Conflict

- refers to the absence of peace

Conflict can occur as a result of...

- conflict, war, fighting

- lack of agreement and harmony

Impacts of conflict...

- higher rates of mortality and morbidity

- lower rates of life expectancy

- higher rates of mental illness

- higher rates of communicable diseases

- destruction of infrastructure

Mass Migration

- movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another (often as a result of conflict or weather events)

Mass Migration - groups

- refugees

- asylum seekers

- internally displaced persons

- stateless persons

Reasons for Mass Migration

- conflict, climate change, violation of human rights, and persecution

Impacts of Mass Migration

- crowded and unclean living conditions

- increased levels of communicable diseases

- reduced life expectancy

- increased domestic violence & child abuse

- increased stress & anxiety

- increased feelings of disconnection

- disruption to education

- limited employment opportunities

- increased pressure on host country resources & infrastructure

Globalisation refers to

- the process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale

Globalisation has made it easier for

- for large multinational companies to distribute, market and sell their products in all areas of the world

World Trade

- the exchange of goods and services between countries

Increased world trade focus

- tobacco

- e-cigarette products

- processed foods

Why world trade is an issue

- public awareness of issues has increased in HIC

- increased regulation and laws in HIC

- lack of awareness in LMICs makes them a target

Tourism

- the business of providing services such as transport, places to stay, or entertainment for people who are on holiday

Benefits of Tourism

- major source of income & employment (esp in LMICs)

- promotes local culture and products

- promotes economic growth

- raises awareness of the value of heritage & culture

Disadvantages of Tourism

- additional pressure on local infrastructure and services

- additional waste generated

- increased transmission of disease between countries

Digital Technologies

- refer to the use of digital tools, platforms and devices in health care

Use of Digital Technologies include

- wearable health devices such as smart watches & monitors

- telehealth services

- mobile health (mHealth) apps

- artificial intelligence

- robotics

- digital health platforms

Digital Technologies can

- analyse data

- help people to become more engaged with their health

- make healthcare procedures more efficient

- improve communication between patients and healthcare professionals

Concerns of Digital Technologies include

- digital platforms can be hard to navigate for some

- poorer quality health care may occur without a physical examination

- cybersecurity laws and practices must be in place to protect privacy and confidentiality

Benefits of Digital Technologies can include

- improved efficiency and sustainability of healthcare systems

- increased access to health care for those in rural and remote communities

- health promotion and disease prevention by communicating key health promotion messages

Disadvantages of Digital Technologies can include

- chance of hacking into people's accounts a

- safety of children and young people online (cyberbullying, exposure to pornography)

- harassment using digital technologies (esp females)

- chance of grooming children or radicalise people

What are the SDGs?

17 global goals introduced by the United Nations to improve global health & well-being and human development, and a more sustainable world

Focus of SDGs

- end extreme poverty and hunger

- address diseases and promote health & wellbeing

- empower women and girls

- tackle climate change

- fight inequalities within and among countries

- build peaceful, just and inclusive societies

- protect human rights

Reason for the SDGs

- to replace the millennium development goals (MDGs)

- there was still work to be done to help most disadvantaged

- new global challenges had arisen (like climate change)

Sustainable Development Goal 1

No Poverty

Key elements of SDG 1 `

- Eradicate extreme poverty (living on less than US$1.90 a day)

- Reducing the proportion of people living in poverty by half

- Implement social protection systems

Why is SDG 1 Important?

- Poverty is a major contributor to mortality & morbidity rates

- Deprivation - people are unable to buy food, clothing, shelter, health care or education

Sustainable Development Goal 2

Zero Hunger

Key elements of SDG 2

- End hunger

- Achieve food security and improved nutrition

- Promote sustainable agriculture

Why is SDG 2 important?

- Because good nutrition is essential for health and growth

- Hunger weakens the immune system

Sustainable Development Goal 3

Good health and Well-being

Key elements of SDG 3

- Promote physical and mental health and well-being

- Extend life expectancy by addressing the major causes of morbidity and mortality

Why is SDG 3 important?

- Maternal mortality rates are high in developing countries

- Children are the future of the society and economy

- Many reasons for mortality & morbidity are preventable

Sustainable Development Goal 4

Quality Education

Key elements of SDG 4

- Ensure free inclusive & equitable quality education

- Promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Why is SDG 4 important?

- Education is the key to improving health literacy & health status

- Education is the key to gaining skills, acquiring jobs and getting out of poverty

Sustainable Development Goal 5

Gender Equality

Key elements of SDG 5

- End violence & discrimination against women & girls

- Recognise unpaid domestic work

- Eliminate harmful practices (FGM)

- Include women in decision-making

Why is SDG 5 important?

- Gender equality is a human right

- Women often don't have access to meaningful employment

Sustainable Development Goal 6

Clean Water and Sanitation

Key elements of SDG 6

- Equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water

- Improve water quality (pollution, chemicals, etc)

- Protect and restore water-related ecosystems

Why is SDG 6 important?

- Lack of clean water is responsible for many deaths each year

- Fewer people will get sick, promoting productivity and strengthening the economy of countries

Sustainable Development Goal 12

Responsible Consumption and Production

Key elements of SDG 12

- make efficient use of our natural resources

- reduce food waste

- ensure the responsible management of chemicals and waste

- reduce waste and increase recycling

Why is SDG 12 important?

- we must make changes to use our natural resources in a way that is sustainable, increase recycling and preserve our resources

- how we consume and produce resources has a great impact on health and human development

SDG 3 - Targeted Outcomes

- Reduce maternal mortality

- End preventable deaths of newborns and children under five

- End epidemics of communicable diseases, fight hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases

- Reduce non-communicable diseases

- Promote mental health and well-being

- Reduce substance abuse, including drugs and alcohol

- Reduce road traffic accidents

- Reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

SDG 3 - Ways to implement targeted outcomes

- achieving universal health coverage

- ensuring an adequate and well-trained health workforce

- having access to essential medicines and vaccines

- having access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services

- strengthening Tobacco Control in all countries

- supporting the research and development of vaccines and medicines

- increase investment in healthcare services and qualified healthcare staff

- strengthen the capacity of all countries for early warning, risk reduction and management of health and well-being risks

Communicable Diseases (definition)

Refer to the spread of diseases from one person to another

Communicable Diseases (examples)

AIDS, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, Malaria & Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)

Non-Communicable Diseases (definition)

Refers to diseases that is not transmissible directly from one person to another (often occurs from lifestyle behaviours)