h anatomy test unit 1

anatomy

study of body structures and how they relate

phisiology

study of how vital functions are performed

homeostasis

a stable internal environment in the body

levels of organization

atoms - molecules - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

requirements for human life

nutrients, water, oxygen, stable temp, stable pressure

differentiation

the idea that things are specialized

set point

ideal level for a condition to be at (ie 98.6)

effector

carries out the control’s response to the stimulus decreasing it or increasing it

superior

above (ie eyes to nose)

inferior

below (ie nose to eyes)

anterior/ventral

front (ie sternum to spine)

posterior/dorsal

back (ie spine to sternum)

medial

in the middle (ie nose to ears)

lateral

away from midline (ie ears to nose)

deep

further from surface (ie bones to skin)

superficial

closer to surface (ie skin to bones)

proximal - only limbs

closer to trunk (ie forearm to wrist)

distal - only limbs

further from trunk (ie wrist to forearm)

coronal/frontal

divides body into anterior and posterior (front/back)

transverse

divides body into superior and inferior (top/bottom)

sagittal

divides body into left and right

anatomical position

person standing with palms facing forward

negative feedback

a mechanism that counteracts a stimulus to bring a physiological variable back to its set point

positive feedback

a mechanism that amplifies a stimulus to push a physiological variable further away from its set point

the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal cavity

cranial, spinal

ex of organs present in the dorsal cavity

brain, spinal cord

the 2 subdivisions of the ventral cavity

thoracic, abdominal pelvic

ex of organs present in the ventral cavity

heart, stomach, intestines, bladder, lungs

cranial body cavity

A in the image

spinal body cavity

B in the image

thoracic body cavity

C in the image

diaphragm (organ)

D in the image

abdominal body cavity

E in the image

pelvic body cavity

F in the image

glucagon insulin feedback loop when you eat sugar

• blood glucose level rises

• beta cells in the pancreas release insulin into the blood

• body cells take up glucose and the liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen

• blood glucose level declines until it reaches the set point

glucagon insulin feedback loop when you don’t eat for a few hours

• alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon

• liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose

• blood glucose level rises until it reaches the set point