cell parts EXCEPT CELL MEMBRANE

ribosomes

reads mRNA to create chain of amino acids, eventually becoming proteins

tRNA containing the opposite codon of mRNA decodes mRNA sequence into protein

ribosomal disease

diamond-blackfan anemia (DBA). Malfunction of ribosome assembly, causing anemia & bone marrow failure

chloroplast

allow photosynthesis

has chlorophyll absborbs energy from the sun. Energy is used to convert CO₂ & water into glucose and oxygen for plants to feed themselves.

chloroplast disease

chlorosis — plants become yellow. Caused by insufficient chlorophyll production so it can’t properly feed itself (chlorophyll - photosynthesis)

mitochondria

krebs cycle → makes ATP (energy)

uses cristae (inner folds) to increase surface area, has its own DNA & ribosomes

number of mitochondria depends on how much energy the cell needs (eg. muscle cells need more mitochondria)

mitochondrial disease

Leigh’s syndrome — mutation of DNA of mitochondria, can be passed on from the mother

symptoms — dementia, seizure, headaches, vomiting

lysosome

STRUCTURE — phospholipid bilayer, hydrolytic enzyme, transport protein

breaks down substances, uses digestive enzymes to break down cellular debris, waste materials & foreign materials

autophagy — cell maintains health by digesting & recycling its own components

lysosome disease

tay-sachs — degenerative genetic disorder, common in Jewish ppl

deficiency of enzyme breaking a certain fatty substance in nervous system so fat accumulates in nerve cells → progressive neurological damage

symptoms — muscle weakness, motor skill loss, visual/hearing loss, death

peroxisome

breaks down substances, detoxify harmful substances

break down fatty acids leaving hydrogen peroxide by-product, by-product is turned into water & hydrogen by catalase enzyme

especially important in liver & kidney cells

peroxisome disease

Zellweger syndrome — peroxisome doesn’t function right, fatty acid & toxins accumulate in the body.

symptoms — developmental delays, muscle weakness, seizures, early death

golgi apparatus

process & modify proteins received from ER by adding carbohydrates & lipids. Sorts proteins into vesicles to transport to different locations so enzymes can be produced to break down waste such as those destined for lysosomes

golgi appartus disease

Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) affects ability of golgi neurological process protein & lipid molecules

symptoms: developmental delays, neurological issues, digestive problems

nucleus

store & replicate genetic info of cell. Nucleolus has RNA, protein, chromatin

nuclear pores → groups of proteins attach to envelope & form small openings

nuclear envelope has 2 phospholipid bilayers, double membrane, serves to separate nucleus from the rest of the cell

nucleus disease

Huntington’s disease — inherited, mutation in gene that codes for Huntington protein, and mutated proteins build up in muscles

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

studded w/ RER proteins or ones intended for export

folds & processes proteins & packages them in vesicles to golgi

smooth ER

make lipids, steroids, products associated with metabolism, and carbohydrates (glycogen → glucose)

Detoxifies molecules to be water-soluble and safe. NO RIBOSOMES

ER disease

ER stress — disruption in normal function of ER, causing apoptosis & adaptive signals, & goal for that is homeostasis

causes — type 2 diabetes, liver, disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer