Chemistry @ Thurs

The chemistry and process engineering at Thurs.

What is Thurspol NX45?

It is an acrylic homopolymer.

Where is Thurspol NX45 used?

It is used as a dispersing agent in textiles, paints, and ceramic industry.

What is the primary monomer in Thurspol NX45? What is its mass contribution?

The primary monomer is acrylic acid. It is 30% by mass.

What is the chemical structure of acrylic acid?

Acrylic acid is a kind of carboxylic acid.

What are the catalysts and terminators used in Thurspol NX45?

Catalysts

1. Potassium persulphate

2. Hydrogen peroxide
   

Terminator: sodium hypophosphite

What is the chemical structure of potassium persulphate?

Potassium persulfate is an oxidizing agent. It is a great radical initiator.

What is the chemical structure of sodium hypophosphite? What are some properties of SHP?

H2-P(=O)-ONa
SHP is a chain transfer agent and scavenges free radicals.

What is the chemical structure of sodium metabisulphite? What is it used for?

SMBS is a reducer and a peroxide eliminator.

How long does it take to complete a batch of Thurspol NX45? From charging to packing?

It takes three days to do this. Neutralizing NX45 takes nearly a whole day and requires rest.

Does Thurspol NX45 need to be neutralized? If yes, then how?

Yes, Thurspol NX45 needs to be neutralized with caustic lye.

What is SNX40? What is it used for?

SNX 40 is an acrylic-maleic copolymer. It is used to wet and disperse textile dyes.

What is the ingredient list for SNX40?

1. Maleic anhydride

2. Acrylic acid

3. Potassium persulphate

4. P. salt

5. Sodium metabisulphite

6. Caustic lye

7. BT20 / benzoisothiazoline (preservative)

8. Hydrogen peroxide

9. Water

What is BT20? Give me the structure, full form, and its use.

BT20 stands for Benzoisothiazoline. It is a preservative bacteriacide.

What are the core monomers in SNX40? What are their mass percentages?

Maleic anhydride — 15%

Acrylic acid — 30%

What is medium of polymerization in SNX40?

Water.

What is Silicon 1-30%?

Silicon 1-30% is an aminosilicon emulsion used in textiles as a softening agent.

What are the ingredients in Silicon 1-30%? What are their mass percentages?

1. Aso Am 928—14%

2. LA7—14%

3. PEG400—0.3

4. Acetic acid—1%

5. Isopropyl alcohol—1%

6. P. salt—2.7%

7. Water—67%

What is LA7? What is its chemical structure?

LA7 is a non-ionic surfactant. It is a general purpose emulsifier and wetting agent.

What is Aso Am 928? Give me the formula.

Aso Am 928 is a aminosilicon compound. This is the primary active agent in Silicon 1-30%.

What is PEG400? Why is it used in Silicon 1-30%?

PEG400 is clear, colourless liquid. Is it water-soluble.

What is acetic acid? Why is it in Silicon 1-30%?

Acetic acid is vinegar. It is present in Silicon 1-30% to stabilize pH and to protonate the amine. This makes the solution less hazy.

Name all Indorama products we make.

DSAK-0

236

266

385

395

405

426

449

489

What is DSAK-0234?

DSAK-0234 is a ter-polymer used in protective paints. It is a ter-polymer of styrene, methacrylic acid, and butyl acrylate monomer.

What are the ingredients in DSAK-0234?

DSAK-0234 has

1. Isopropanol—40.6%

2. Methacrylic acid—28.9%

3. Butyl acrylate monomer (BAM)—1%

4. Styrene—12.3%

5. Potassium persulphate—3.0%

6. Caustic soda for neutralization—14%

What is the purpose of IPA in DSAK-0234?

IPA is the chain transfer agent for polymerization.

What is Thurs PEC40X?

Thurs PEC40X is an acrylic-maleic copolymer. It is a wetting and dispersing agent in textiles.

What are the components of PEC40?

1. Maleic anhydride — 15%

2. Acrylic acid — 30%

3. Potassium persulphate

4. Hydrogen peroxide — 2.6%

5. SMBS

6. Citric acid

7. BT20

What is a difference between SNX and PEC?

PEC uses citric acid, SNX uses P. salt. However, this could be something they in case the manufacture went a little off.

What is PX-40?

PX-40 is a polyethylene emulsion. It is used to provide stability to textiles.

What are the ingredients of PX40?

1. Savox BW300 (polyethylene) — 11.3%

2. LA7 — 4.7%

3. LA22 — 1.6%

4. KOH — 0.4%

5. P salt — 8.3%

6. Glycerine — 16.7%

7. Water — 55.6%

8. MEG (monoethylene glycol)

What is glycerol? How is it different from glycerine?

Glycerol and glycerine are the same.

What is polyethylene wax? What is its structure?

It is an ethene polymer.

What is the chemical structure of urea? Why does it feature in formulations?

Urea is incredibly stable. It is used to adjust solids.

What is PEG? What is its chemical structure?

Polyethylene glycol is a repeated ethyl oxide chain.

What is Thurs LCN118? Who is its competitor?

LCN118 is a nonionic surfactant for paints. Its a competitor of BASF’s Emulsogen LCN118.

What are the components of Thurs LCN118?

1. TDA 16.5 (tridecyl alcohol with 16.5 mol ethoxate)

2. PEG

3. TDA 6 (tridecyl alcohol with 6 mol ethoxylate)

4. Water

What is TDA? What is an ethoxylate?

TDA is tridecyl alcohol. It is a 13-carbon chain with 16.5 mol ethoxylate tail. An ethoxylate is an ethylene oxide extension to an existing carbon chain.

What is the purpose of PEG in LCN?

PEG is a anti-freeze agent. It also provides better water solubility.

What is the purpose of TDA in LCN?

It is a nonionic surfactant against air entrapment.

In distillation, what happens when you add an immiscible cosolvent?

Immiscible solvent exert perfect partial pressure on the mixture. As a result, the mixture boils off quicker as the vapour pressures simply add up. Think about it.

What is esterification? What is transesterification?

Esterification is when alcohol and carboxylic acid react to form an ester.

R-COOH + R’-OH —> R-COOR’ + H2O

Transesterification is when alcohol and an ester react to form another ester and alcohol.

R-COOR’ + R’’-OH —>R-COOR’’ + R’-OH

What is DSAK-0266 (intermediate)?

DSAK-0266 is a methacrylic acid and methyl PEG ester and copolymer. It is a surfactant and dispersant for agrochemicals.

What are the ingredients if DSAK-0266?

1. MPEG

2. Methacrylic acid

3. MSA-100

4. PTZ (phenothiazine)

5. Toluene

What is MSA-100? Why is it used in DSAK-0266?

MSA-100 is methasulphonic acid. It is a safe acid used to catalyze esterification.

What reaction is in DSAK-0266?

It is an esterification of MPEG with methacrylic acid to form methylpolyethylene glycol methacrylate. This reaction is followed by methacrylic acid polymerization.

What is PTZ?

PTZ is phenylthiazine. It is a radical inhibitor that prevents polymerization.

What is DSAK-0385?

DSAK-0385 is a phosphated ester of a nonionic surfactant. It is a reaction between polyphosphoric acid and LA-7.

How does phosphorous acid polymerize?

Phosphorous acid polymerizes by a nucleophilic attack of the OH oxygen on the phosphorous followed by a dehydration from the electrons on the phosphoryl oxygen.

What are the ingredients of DSAK-0385?

1. Polyphosphoric acid

2. LA-9

3. Hydrogen peroxide

4. Water

What temperature is this reaction conducted?

This reaction is conducted in the range of 60-80C.

What is DSAK-0395?

DSAK-0395 is a fatty acid ester with PEG1500. It is catalyzed with TNBT.

What are the ingredients of DSAK-0395?

1. HCO fatty acid

2. PEG1500

3. TNBT — (tetra)n-butyl titanate

4. Hydrogen peroxide

5. Cardura

What is TNBT?

It is a titatnium chelated with four butyl groups. It is a Lewis acid used to activate carbonyl carbons for nucleophilic attacks.

What is cardura? What is its purpose in esterification of a fatty acid with PEG?

Cardura is an end group capper to ensure there is no residual active acid. Cardura is a glycidyl ester of Versatic Acid 10.

What is the utility of peroxide in DSAK-0395?

Peroxide is used to improve colour and remove odour in final product.

What is DSAK-0426?

DSAK-0426 is a stoichiometric reaction between dimethyl amine, ethyl lactate that gives ethyl lactamide and ethanol.

What is the mechanism of DSAK-0426?

It is a gas-phase nucleophilic attack of dimethyl amine on the carbonyl carbon in ethyl lactate.

What is the chemical structure of ethyl lactate?

What are the ingredients of DSAK-0426?

1. Ethyl lactate

2. Dimethylamine

3. SHP

What is DSAK-0449?

It is a phosphated ester of a nonionic surfactant.

What are the ingredients of DSAK-0449?

1. Nonylphenol 6 mols

2. Phosphorous pentoxide

3. Water

What is nonylphenol 6 mols? Provide the structure.

Nonylphenol 6 mols is a non-ionic surfactant. On ethoxylating it with 6 moles of ethylene oxide, you get nonylphenol 6 mols.

What is a phosphated ester? What is its chemical structure?

A phosphated ester is when an alcohol group interacts with phosphorous pentoxide and forms a phosphoryl compound.

What is Fixer TP?

Fixer TP is used for pigment fixing in textiles. It keeps pigments held fast to the cloth.

What are the ingredients of Fixer TP?

1. Diethylene glycol

2. Paraformaldehyde

3. Melamine

4. Caustic flakes

5. P. salt

6. Water

7. Glycerol

What is the mechanism for resin formation? Show the mechanism.

Resin formation is a nucleophilic attack, followed by dehydration and another nucleophilic attack. Melamine reacts by attacking formaledhye. Now the methylol carbon is now electrophilic, so other methylol groups or melamines can come strike it.

How does formaldehyde polymerize?

It forms with the hydration of formaldehyde. It proceeds with the formation of hemiacetal.

Define with structure: hemiacetal, acetal, hemiketal, and keyal.

Acetalization and ketalization are the organic reactions that involve the formation of an acetal (or ketals) from aldehydes and ketones, respectively. These conversions are acid catalysed. They eliminate water.

What is MW21?

MW21 is an aminosilicon emulsion. It is a textile softener.

What are the ingredients of MW21? What are the ratios?

1. Aso Am 928 — 8%

2. LA7 — 8%

3. PEG400 — 2.7%

4. Acetic acid — 1%

5. P. salt — 3%

6. Water — 77%

Do we sell aminosilicones with other percentages?

Yes, MW is sold at 21%, 30%, 40% and 45%.

What is Antifoam Z?

As the name suggests, Antifoam Z is an antifoaming compound. Used in paints.

What are the components of Antifoam Z?

1. LLP — light liquid paraffin wax — 90%

2. Aluminium stearate — 4%

3. OA6 — oleic acid, 6 mol ethoxylate — 3%

4. Octanol — defoamer — 1%

5. DOK — deodorized kerosene — 2%

Can you explain what aluminium stearate does?

Aluminium stearate is a hydrophobe works with silicone oil as a foam film-breaker and improves persistence.

What is DSAK-0489?

DSAK-0489 is a pour point depression. It reduces melting point. This is a polymerization followed by esterification.

What are the components of DSAK-0489?

1. Hypophosphoric acid

2. Aromatic 150/DPL Supra 65L

3. Exxsol D95 — dearomatized hydrocarbon

4. Alphaplus C20-24

5. Maleic anhydride

6. Lyprox 101 (catalyst)

7. Alcohol C20-22

8. PTSA (p-toluene sulfonic acid)

What is the mechanism for DSAK-0489?

It is a standard esterification reaction.

What is the structure of hypophosphorus acid?

What is the structure of pTSA?

This a sufonic acid with the para-toluene attached to the sulphur.

What is Thurs HD100?

We dilute PE-35X or PX-40 with water. The pH is from 8 to 9.

What is the structure of salicylic acid?

Salicylic acid is a benzene-based carboxylic acid.

What is the structure of pyridine? What is the structure of niacinamide?

Niacinamide is pyridine with the amide group. Pyridine is niacinamide without C(=O)NH2.

What is the difference between Vitamin B3, niacinamide, and nicotinamide?

There is no difference between Vitamin B3, niacinamide, and nicotinamide.

What is INT WA?

INT WA is another chelating and washing off agent.

What are the ingredients of INT WA?

It is the same as PEC40.

What is Double Fix?

Double Fix is a textile dye-fixing agent.

What are the ingredients of Double Fix?

1. DCDA or dicyandiamide

2. Ammonium chloride

3. Formaldehyde

4. Dextrose

5. Water

What is the structure of DCDA?

Dicyandiamide

What is the structure of dextrose?

It is a sugar, akin to glucose.

What is the structure of citric acid?

Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid alcohol.

What is the structure of sorbitol?

Sorbitol is a multi-ol.

What is TNT?

TNT is trinitrotoluene.

What is HSN code for Simethicone?

3003-90-90

What is the structure of melamine?

This is a resin-forming melamine.

What is acrolein?

Acrolein is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde. It’s formula is H-C(=O)-CH=CH2.

What are some properties of acrolein?

It is a clear, colourless liquid with a striking odour. It is also toxic.

What is defoamer Sil 30?

Defoamer Sil 30 is a simethicone emulsion. It is a defoamer for paints.

What are the components of defoamer Sil 30?

1. Simethicone

2. Sorbitan monostearate

3. Polysorbate 60

4. BT20

5. Water

6. Carbopol

7. Acetic acid