Evolution Test

What is Natural selection?

Individuals with beneficial heritable traits survive and reproduce more successfully

What is variation?

The genetic differences among individuals in a population

Struggle for existence

Competition for resources, only a fraction survive to reproduce

Adaptations

Traits that enhance survival and reproduction in specific environment

Descent with modification

Over generation, traits become better suited to the environment

Artificial selection

Human-driven breeding for desirable traits

Overproduction

Producing more offspring than can survive increases competition

Directional selection

facors one extreme phenotype ( antibiotic resistance in bacteria)

stabilizing selection

Favors average phenotypes and reduces variation ( human birth weight)

Disruptive selection

Favor both extremes ( beak sizes in finches small vs large)

Sexual selection

traits evolved for mating success

What are the two types of sexual selection?

Intersexual selection and Intrasexual selection

Reproductive isolation

Barriers preventing gene flow between populations

What are the two types of reproductive isolation?

Preztgotic and postzygotic isolation

Inter vs intra sexual

intersexual is when males displays certain traits to attract the female.Intrasexual selection involves competition among males for access to females.

Prezygotic vs postzygotic

Prezygotic barriers occur before fertilization, preventing mating or fertilization. Habitat, behavioral, temporal and geographical isolation.

while postzygotic barriers happen after fertilization, affecting the viability or fertility of the offspring. Infertile hybrids or reduced viability

What are the two types of speciation/

Allopatric and sympatric

Sympatric vs allopatric

Allopatric specition: Geographic separation

Sympatric speciation: reproductive isolation without physical barrier

Genetic drift

Random allele frequency changes in small populations

Founder effect

Small group starts a new population

Bottleneck effect

Sudden population reduction

Convergent evolution

Unrelated species evolve similar traits

Divergent evolution

Related species evolve different traits

Coevolution

Two species influence each other’s evolution

What are the 5 conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

1. Large population

2. No migration

3. No mutation

4. Random mating

5. No natural selection

Allele frequencies equation

p + q = 1

Genotype frequencies equation

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

What does P stand for?

Dominant alleles frequency

What does Q stand for?

Recessive allele frequency

What deso p² stand for ?

Frequency of AA ( homozygous dominant)

What does 2pq stand for?

Frequency of Aa ( heterozygous)

What does q² stand for?

Frequency of aa ( homozygous recessive)

Index fossils

widespread fossils that define geological time

Miller-Urey eperiments

Electrical sparks on gas mixutres produced amino acids

Reducting atmosphere

Lacked oxygen; enabled synthesis of organic molecules

Abiiogenesis

Life form non-livign matter

Organic vs inorganix

organix is carbon-based molecules

inorganic is mineral/metal comounds

Iron sulfide bubble hypothesis

Natural compartmetns on ocean floor as primitive “cells”

Early genetic material

RNA- based ( ribozymes capable of self-replication)

First microbes

Anerobic prokaryotes —> cyanobacteria —> oxygenation fo atmosphere

Evolution of eukaryotic life

through endosymbiosis

Primates

flexible hands/feet, forward eyes, large brains

Prosimians

Ancient, nocturnal primates

Anthropoids

all other primates

New world monkeys

Prehensile tails, tree-dwellers in america

Old world monekys

ground and tree dwellers

Homioids

apes

greater apes

gorilla, chimps, orangutans

lesser apes

gibbon

Hominids

bipedal primates with larger brains

Bipedalism

habitual upright walking, energy efficiency,tool sue

Evolution of the human brain

rapid growth enabling language, reasoning social thought

Cladograms

evolutionary tree diagrams showing relatioshps