Studied by 6 peopleHeredity
Passing of traits from parents to offspring
F1 (first filial)
Crossing individuals of the Parental generation
Phenotype
the appearance of an organism's trait.
Genotype
genetic make-up an organism gets
ESSAY - Why did Gregor Mendel choose the garden pea plants for his genetic studies?
Small size, grew fast, many offspring, traits were in contrast.
In meiosis ____ are formed from ____ cells in which chromosomes ____ from their homologous pair to form ____ and sperm that are _____.
Gametes, diploid, segregate, eggs, haploid.
ESSAY - What does the Theory of Segregation say?
Alleles of each pair separate independently of one another during gamete formation. This causes traits to disappear and reappear from generation to generation.
ESSAY - What are true-breeding plants?
plants whose offspring have only one for of a trait.
rr is an example of
homozygous recessive/purebred
RR is an example of
homozygous dominant/purebred
Rr is an example of
Rr is an example of
heterozygous/hybrid
Gametes have how many chromosomes?
haploid the number of chromosomes as all the other cells of an organism
ESSAY - What does the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance state?
The genes on chromosomes are the units of inheritance
Meiosis produces eggs and sperm (gametes or sex cells), each being haploid (n) with ____ the chromosome number.
half
In humans, the which gender determines the sex of the child.
male
Males have ____ sex chromosomes
XY
Females have ____ sex chromosomes
XX
When segments of DNA in chromosomes exchange DNA with each other during prophase I of Meiosis I, _____ occurs.
crossing over
_____ has 2 separate cells divisions, I and II, resulting in 2 _____ cells at the end of division 1 and 4 ____ cells at the end of division II.
meiosis, haploid, haploid
____ and _____ occur in Meiosis
segregation, independent assortment
ESSAY - What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
Genes for one trait assort themselves to gametes during Meiosis I independently of other genes for other traits
Haploid cells are first produced from diploid cells in _____
Meiosis I
ESSAY - Why are mutations rare in human populations? (3 reasons)
usually occur on recessive alleles, mutations on genes occur infrequently, two people who marry will unlikely both carry a mutation for the same trait
Down Syndrome (Trisomy-21) individuals have a total of ____ chromosomes. They have three #21 chromosomes.
47
Because the color blindness gene is located on the X chromosome, the male gender is more commonly color blind than the female gender. Therefore, it is considered a _____ trait linked to gender.
sex-linked
Type A: Only ____ antibody clumps or agglutinates it.
A
Type B: Only ____ antibody clumps it.
B
Type AB: Both ____ antibody clumps it.
A and B
Type O: ____ antibody clumps it.
neither A nor B
Antibodies clump the blood when they react with the same ____ on the red blood cell membrane.
Antigen marker protein
ESSAY - Diseases that are genetically caused may be cured in the future by what treatment?
Gene Therapy
mutations
gene changes that can be inherited
Karyotype
chromosomal makeup of a person.
What is the Rh factor
1 gene with 2 alleles, RH+ is dom and produces RH blood antigen, but no RH blood antibodies. RH- is recessive and produces no RH antigen.
ESSAY - Explain what the Human Genome Project is designed to do.
Trying to find every gene in all 46 chromosomes of the body.
What happens in male sex tests?
Y chromosome glows. Stain cells of the umbilical cord glow in UV light
Pros to genetic engineering?
meds, soil fertility, cure genetic disorders, plant and animal hybrids, cleaning environment
Sickle cell and anemia in Africans (Ss)
SS: no sickle cell, may get malaria
Ss: no sickle cell AND no malaria
ss: sickle cell and die.
Know down syndrome traits on paper
okay
What does gene therapy involve
replacing a defective with a healthy gene
point
affects one of only a few nucleotides
frameshift
insertion or deletion of a nucleotide
What could happen if an RH- mother X RH+ father has RH+ child?
1 - mom makes RH antibodies to fight the antigens off. 2 - they attack the baby's RH antigens and baby could die.
What does Rhogam Meds do for the birth?
keeps RH antibodies from baby by never producing them
Why would you need a sex test?
olympics
What happens in female sex test?
Barr bodies. One of the 2 X chromosomes that is tightly coiled stains darkly.
How is genetic engineering done?
vitro (test tube)
cons of genetic engineering
defective individuals, undesirable mutations, resistance to medicines
What is the Human Genome Project and what is it trying to do.
Trying to locate and sequence every gene in all 46 chromosomes of the human body.
Turner's Syndrome
XO (45 chromosomes), female gender, sterile, but hormones correct this, 65% miscarried, 1/3000
Klinefelter's Syndrome
XXY (47 chromosomes), male gender, feminine characteristics, and sterility, treated with hormones. mentally disabled, 1/400
Note
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