Botany Finals (Ethnobotany, Plant Adaptations)

Part 2

Ethnobotany

is to study how and in what ways people use nature and how in what ways people view nature.

Ethnoecology

studies the interactions of the local people with the natural environment

Ethnobotany

Is the part that studies the interactions of local people with plants.

Ethnobotany

tries to get a holistic understanding of local knowledge on plants

Ethnobotany

_______ is a subset of Ethnoecology

Ethnobotany

The earliest, well developed, and currently fast expanding branch of ethnobiology

Ethnology

Study of culture

Botany

study of plants

Ethnobotany

is the scientific study of relationships that exist between people and plants

Egyptians

credited with inventing paper by pressing together strips of papyrus

Real paper

was made by separating plant fibers and matting them together in a thin sheet, was invented by the Chinese using mulberry.

Adaptation

is a characteristic which helps an organism to survive in its environment

Deserts

are dry and often hot. Annual Rainfall less than 10 inches, Soil is poor-sandy or rocky, Intense direct sunlight

Succulents

Store water in their leaves

Spines

modified leaves that discourage animals from eating this plant

Temperate Grasslands (Prairie)

Hot summers, cold winters, Rainfail can be sporadic, drought is common, Annual Rainfall between 10-30 inches/year, few tries, regular fires, Soil is rich in organic material, Soil is well suited for agriculture.

Tropical Rainforests

Hot, humid with rainfall between 80-180
inches annually.
• Poor soil due to leaching
• Plants grow quickly to use up any available
organic material
• Little sunlight at forest floor
• Intense sunlight in the canopy layer

Epiphytes, or “air” plants

have aerial roots that cling to a host plant

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Has four distinct seasons: spring, summer,
autumn, winter
• Average annual rainfall 30-50 inches
• Rich soil
• Forest made up of distinct layers: herb layer,
shrub layer, understory and canopy

Taiga (Boreal Forest)

Dominated by conifers (evergreens)
• Cold winters and warm summers
• Some areas have a layer of permanently
frozen ground called permafrost
• Poor drainage due to permafrost and layers of
rock just below the soil
• Annual rainfall of approx, 20 inches

Tundra

Short, cool summers and long, cold winters
• Has a permanently frozen layer called permafrost
• Poor drainage due to permafrost and cold
temperatures
• Annual precipitation low at only 4-10 inches,
usually as snow or ice
• Growing season has 24 hours of sunlight/day,
long nights in winter

Angiosperms

Reproduce Sexually and
Asexually

Flowers

are the
sex organs of
angiosperms

Asexual reproduction

is advantageous when conditions are
stable and plants are well-adapted to their surroundings.

Sexual reproduction

produces variable offspring,
increasing reproductive success in a changing world

Mitosis

Sporophyte

Meiosis

Spores

Mitosis

Gametophyte

Mitosis

Gametes

Fertilization

Zygote

Sporophyte (2n)

the multicellular
diploid form that
results from the
union of gametes

Gametophyte (n)

the multicellular

haploid form that

produces haploid

gametes by mitosis

Sporophyte

produces haploid
spores by meiosis
that develop into
gametophytes.

Haploid gametes

These gametes
unite and develop
into sporophytes.

Receptacle

Pistil

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Ovule

Sepal

Petal

Stamen

Anther

Filament

Corolla

Calyx

Stigma

located at the top of the style, receives pollen.

Anthers

produce male gametophytes (pollen grains)

Ovules

produces female gametophytes (embryo sacs)

Pollination

What occurs if a pollen grain lands on a receptive stigma.

Double fertilization

In ________ these sperm nuclei fertilize the egg and the two polar nuclei.

Double fertilization 

results in a diploid zygote and triploid endosperm nucleus

Double Fertilization

ensures that the endosperm develops only in the ovules where the egg has been fertilized, there by preventing angiosperms from squandering nutrients on infertile ovules.

seed coat

is a tough outer layer that protects
the embryo from damage, dehydration, and predators.

fruit

develops from
the ovary enclosing
the developing
seed(s

Monoecious

male and female parts are in one flower

Dioecious

male and female parts are seperate

Ploidy

Number of chromosome sets

Haploid (n)

Half the amount of chromosomes an organism should have

Diploid (2n)

Base amount of chromosomes that an organism should have

Triploid (3n)

 In Angiosperms causes the development of the Endosperm