phylum chordata

3 subphyla within phylum chordata

cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata

phylum chordata is ____phyletic

mono

___ ____ make up half of all chordates

bony fish

another name for urochordata

tunicata

another name for vertebrata

craniata

do tunicates have a brain?

no

2 orifices that urochordates have

incurrent siphon, excurrent siphon

although they seem similar, ______ are actually not closely related to ____

cephalochordates, fishes

2 other names for cephalochordates

lancelets, amphioxus

2 subphyla within clade protochordata

urochordata, cephalochordata

where is metamerism most present in chordates? (2 regions)

skeleton, nervous system

what is the first part of the endoskeleton to appear in chordate embryos?

notochord

what is the notochord replaced by in jawed vertebrates?

vertebral column

notochord → ________ → _____ (process of notochord to vertebrae, “material-wise”)

cartilage, bone

in most invertebrates, the nerve cord is _____ and _____

solid, ventral

what tissue layer is the dorsal hollow nerve cord made from in chordate embryos?

ectoderm

how to tell between nerve cord and notochord in chordate embryo cross section?

nerve cord is hollow, notochord is solid

at some point, all chordates will have these 5 features

notochord, hollow dorsal nerve cord, postanal tail, pharyngeal gill slits, endostyle

where are the 2 “places” that pharyngeal gill slits open to?

pharyngeal cavity, outside

pharyngeal gill slits help with this feeding method in aquatic chordates

filter feeding

did humans have gills as embryos?

no

in vertebrates, do the pharyngeal slits always open to the outside environment?

no

3 structures that pharyngeal gill slits evolved into

jaws, tonsils, ear bones

original function of endostyle

secrete mucus for food capture

what does the endostyle become in vertebrates?

thyroid

original function of postanal tail

propulsion in water

what did the postanal tail become in humans?

coccyx

environment for urochordates and cephalochordates

marine

primary lifestyle for urochordates

sessile

once settled on seafloor, can urochordates move?

no

are urochordate tunics made of living cells?

no

what is the urochordate tunic made of?

cellulose

do tunicates have all 5 chordate features are larvae or adults?

larvae

tunicate larvae look similar to…

tadpoles

what 2 chordate features do adult tunicates retain?

endostyle, pharyngeal gill slits

what is one class within subphylum urochordata?

ascidiacea

common name for Ecteinascidia turbinata

mangrove tunicate

where do mangrove tunicates get their orange color from?

algae

mangrove tunicates are being used for trabectedin, a drug that may be able to treat ____, _____, and ______ sarcomas

breast, ovarian, prostate

what genus are lancelets in?

branchiostoma

is amphioxus likely to be the most recent common ancestor of vertebrates?

no

is the amphioxus body plan likely to be most similar to ancestral body plans?

yes

subphylum vertebrata actually has more to do with a cartilaginous/bony _____ instead of vertebrae, like in the case of hagfish

cranium

vertebrates are _____ (size) and more _____ (lifestyle) than protochordates

larger, active

vertebrates have better _____ and ______ compared to protochordates (movement)

speed, mobility

5 things that the forebrain processes/deals with

movement, smell, emotions, problem solving, learning

key part of forebrain

cerebrum

why is the human forebrain wrinkled?

to save space

4 things the midbrain processes/deals with

eye movement, motor movement, visual stimuli, auditory stimuli

key part of midbrain

optic lobe

5 things the hindbrain processes/deals with

autonomic functions, relaying info, voluntary muscle movements, balance, equilibrium

key part of hindbrain

cerebellum

3 things the brain stem processes/deals with

sleep cycle, involuntary actions, messages between brain and spinal cord

key part of brain stem

medulla oblongata

the medulla oblongata works _____ permission

without

early vertebrate endoskeletons were originally made of…

cartilage

2 reasons why bone was selected for

stronger, mineral storage

bone stores ____ and ____ for active metabolism

calcium, phosphorus

these 3 systems were modified to meet increased metabolic demand as early vertebrates evolved

circulatory, respiratory, digestive

as early vertebrates evolved, egestion moved from being done by ____ to _____

cilia, muscles

as early vertebrates evolved, their hearts grew to have an increased number of…

chambers

as early vertebrates evolved, they began to have red blood cells with ______

hemoglobin

as early vertebrates evolved, their gills became…

vascularized

the _____-______ exchange is the most efficient way to diffuse oxygen from water to blood

counter-current

generally, how does counter-current exchange work?

water and blood flow in opposite directions

can the counter-current exchange also apply to air instead of water?

yes