Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam A

anatomy

science that studies the form and composition of the body’s structures

gross anatomy

study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eyes; also referred to as macroscopic anatomy

homeostasis

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

microscopic anatomy

study of very small structures of the body using magnification

physiology

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions

regional anatomy

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

systemic anatomy

study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems

what are the branches of anatomy?

gross anatomy & microscopic anatomy

what are the studies of anatomy

regional anatomy & systemic anatomy

cell

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

organ

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

organ system

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

organism

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

tissue

group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function

chemical level

atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures

what is the structural organization of the human body?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

integumentary system

encloses internal body structures and is the site of many sensory receptors (skin, hair, nails)

skeletal system

supports the body and enables movement with the muscular system (cartilage, bones, joints)

muscular system

enables movement with the skeletal system and helps maintain body temperature (skeletal muscles, tendons)

nervous system

detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves)

reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes (ovaries, uterus, testes)

cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and equalizes temperature in the body (heart, blood vessels)

lymphatic system

returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens (lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels)

respiratory system

removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to blood (nasal passage, trachea, lungs)

endocrine system

secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes (pituitary gland, pancreas, testes, adrenal gland)

digestive system

processes food for use by the body and removes wastes from undigested food (stomach, liver, large intestine, small intestine)

urinary system

controls water balance in the body and removes wastes from blood and excretes them (kidneys, urinary bladder)

anabolism

assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules

catabolism

breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules

growth

process of increasing in size

metabolism

sum of all of the body’s chemical reactions

nutrient

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

pressure

force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

renewal

process by which worn-out or damaged cells are replaced

reproduction

process by which new organisms are generated

responsiveness

ability of an organism or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

what are the 8 functions that maintain human life?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

what are the five requirements of life?

oxygen, water, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, narrow range of atmospheric pressure

afferent pathway

the pathway of information traveling from the receptor to the control center

control center

body part that compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

effector

body part that can cause a change in a value

efferent pathway

the pathway of information traveling from the control center to the effector

equilibrium point

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

negative feedback

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

normal range

range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

positive feedback

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus

receptor

body part that reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

stimulus

an event that causes a deviation from equilibrium

what is the order of a feedback loop?

stimulus, receptor, control, effector, response

abdominopelvic cavity

division of the anterior cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic organs and tissues

anatomical position

standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body

anterior

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral

anterior cavity

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior body cavity; includes the lungs, heart, and the abdominal and pelvic organs

cranial cavity

division of the posterior cavity that houses the brain

deep

describes a position farther from the surface of the body

distal

describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

dorsal

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body

dorsal cavity

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord

frontal plane

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

inferior

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body

lateral

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

medial

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

plane

imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body

posterior

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body

posterior cavity

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord

prone

face down

proximal

describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body

sagittal plane

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides

section

in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through

spinal cavity

division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord

superficial

describes a position nearer to the surface of the body

superior

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body

supine

face up

thoracic cavity

division of the anterior cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

transverse plane

two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

ventral

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body

ventral cavity

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior body cavity; includes the lungs, heart, and the abdominal and pelvic organs

connective tissue

type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems

connective tissue membrane

connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints

cutaneous membrane

skin; epithelial tissue made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body

epithelial membrane

epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue

epithelial tissue

type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion

histology

microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function

lamina propria

areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane

mucous membrane

tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment

muscle tissue

type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement.

nervous tissue

type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals

serous membrane

type of tissue membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid

synovial membrane

connective tissue membrane that lines that cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication

tissue membrane

thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities

what membrane is connective tissue?

synovial membrane (3 others are epithelial membrane)

apical

that part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space

basement membrane

in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

simple columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs (digestive tract)

simple cuboidal epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules (kidneys)

simple squamous epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface (air sacs of lungs and capillaries)

stratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells

stratified cuboidal epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells

stratified squamous epithelium

tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion (outer layer of skin)