Exam 3 MEA220

Substrate is solid and allows organisms to "hold on."

Rocky Intertidal

Seaweeds are common.

Rocky Intertidal.

Seaweeds are a common inhabitant of the rocky intertidal, but are largely absent on exposed sandy shores.

Burrowing infauna are common.

Sandy Shore Intertidal.

Burrowing infauna are common in the sandy sediments of the exposed beach.

Duration of tidal inundation influences the distribution of species and at least partially contributes to zonation.

Both the Rocky and Sandy Shore Intertidal Zones

Air breathing predators such as birds and small mammals consume intertidal prey at low tide.

Both Rocky and Sandy Shore Intertidal Zones

You've just collected oysters and shrimp from a sampling station in Pamlico Sound. As you record salinity measurements at the site you notice the salinity is nearly the same from the surface to the seabed. This tells you you are in which type of estuary?

vertically mixed estuary

species limited to the middle reach of the estuary where salinities range from around 5 to 18.

brackish species

marine species that can tolerate salinities in most of the estuary

euryhaline marine

marine species at the mouth of the estuary that cannot tolerate salinities below 25-30.

stenohaline marine

species limited to the head of an estuary where salinities do not exceed 5

freshwater species

The sediments in most estuaries are muddy because

suspended silt flocculates from river water in estuaries where conditions become salty.

Which of the following abiotic factors does not play a large role in life in marshes and mangrove forests?

Energetic waves.

Energetic waves are not a predominant abiotic factor in marshes and mangrove forests like they are in the rocky intertidal and sandy shore.

A ______is a plant adapted to life in a saline environment.

halophyte

The response of marsh grasses and mangroves to nitrogen are examples of top-down controls on food webs.

False.

The response of marsh grasses and mangroves to nitrogen are examples of bottom-up controls on food webs.

Which of the following adaptations for maintaining salt balance in not found in both salt marsh and mangrove plants?

Lenticels.

Lenticels are used for gas exchange in mangroves.

The most abundant primary consumers in salt marshes and mangrove forests are _______ on detritus.

microbial decomposers

detritus

mucus and cilia

neighboring coral

mesenterial filaments

copepod

tentacles

Broadcast spawning is a type of

sexual reproduction

Budding is a type of _____ reproduction that results in a _____

asexual , clone

Fringing reefs have a lagoon between land and the reef crest.

false.

Barrier reefs have a lagoon between land and the reef crest

Chemosynthesis occurs in many marine habitats, but photosynthesis is restricted to shallow areas.

True

Hemoglobin binds both oxygen and hydrogen sulfide.

True

Which of the following abiotic factors does not contribute to zonation around hydrothermal vents?

Wave energy

Successional communities follow at cold seeps once chemoautotrophic microbes are established. Which is the correct order of succession as cold seeps age and become plugged with carbonates?

Mussels then tube worms then corals

Deep water coral reefs are thought to be ephemeral like hydrothermal vent communities.

False.

Deep water coral reefs are thought to be extremely long-lived unlike ephemeral hydrothermal vent communities.

The Arctic is cold and dark in the summer.

False.

The Arctic is cold and dark in the winter.

Which of the following is not a way organisms use sea ice in the Arctic?

For freshwater.

Walrus are suffering from reduced sea ice extent and duration.

The _____ is a connection between the Arctic and Pacific basins

Bering Strait

The _____ is a connection between the the Arctic and Atlantic basins.

Fram Strait

Walrus are benefiting from reduced sea ice because it makes it easier for them to dive for benthos.

False

Which of the following statements is false?

An iceberg in the Antarctic sank the Titanic in 1982.

The iceberg that sank the Titanic was in the North Atlantic and likely originated in Greenland, not the Antarctic. The ship sank in 1912.

Which of the following is not an example of a top predator in Antarctic food webs?

Krill. Krill are grazers, not predators.

A deep surface mixed layer favors which type of phototroph?

Shade-adapted phytoplankton.

A deep mixed layer mixes diatoms deeper in the water column away from the brightest sunlight.

Scientists believe that Weddell seals use which technique to first teach their pups to swim?

Withhold nursing until they give swimming a try.

Scientists hypothesize that mothers may restrict nursing until pups try swimming.

Antifreeze proteins in notothenioid fish prevent ice crystals from forming in their bodies.

False. Antifreeze proteins in notothenioid fish do not prevent ice crystals from forming in their bodies. Instead they surround the crystals when they first form and prevent them from growing larger.