AP EURO - Unit 2, Quiz 2 -- Key Events and Figures of the Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire

A multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. Place where the protestant reformation began.

Austrian house of Hapsburg

Ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire who supported Catholicism.

cantons

Division or state of the Swiss confederation.

Imperial Diet of 1530 (Diet of Augsburg)

Meeting held by Charles V at Augsburg to discuss the religious situation, where peace of Augsburg was decided and agreed upon.

Augsburg Confession

Primary confessional document for the Lutheran movement, to defend the Lutherans against misrepresentations and to provide a statement of their theology that would be acceptable to the Roman Catholics.

Peace of Augsburg, 1555

Treaty that allowed each prince in the HRE to decide to be either catholic or protestant, temporarily ended the religious struggle in Europe.

Habsburg-Valois Wars (1522-1559)

War on the Holy Roman Empire by France in an attempt to establish dominance over parts of Italy. France was defeated by the HRE and Spain.

Francis I of France

King of France who was captured by his rival Charles V during the Habsburg-Valois wars.

Huguenots

French followers of Calvinism.

Catherine de Medici

Queen of France. Married to Henry II. She was blamed for involvement in St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Henry of Navarre (See definition for Henry IV)

A politique. He sacrificed religious principles for political necessity, thus saving France.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Happened a few days after the marriage ceremony of the French king's sister Margaret of Valois to the Protestant Henry of Navarre, which was intended to help reconcile Catholics and Huguenots. Huguenot leaders who had come to Paris to attend the wedding were brutally massacred by royal guards, and other Protestants were killed by mobs. Led to a renewal of the wars of religion, which dragged on for decades.

politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Henry IV (See definition for Henry of Navarre)

Henry of Navarre's title as king of France after Henry III got assassinated. Married Margaret of Valois, which after the wedding, Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre occurred. He converted to Catholicism, formerly a Huguenot. Issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598.

Edict of Nantes

Granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to Huguenots in 150 fortified towns.

Low Countries (Spanish Netherlands)

Seventeen provinces of northwestern Europe, consisting of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Bordered by Germany to the east and France to the south. Controlled by Spain. 'Low' in regards to elevation (below sea level).

United Provinces (of the Netherlands)

The Union of Utrecht (Do not confuse this with the Peace of Utrecht), the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain, formed this.

witch-hunts

A mania that led to persecutions of those accused of using magic or worshiping the devil. Both Protestants and Catholics were involved in this. Primarily occurred in small towns and villages where more individuals were poorly educated.

witch-panic

A large witch-hunt. Common in the part of Europe that saw the most witch accusations in general: the Holy Roman Empire, Switzerland, and parts of France.

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

Pope who called the Council of Trent and started the Catholic Reformation. In contrast to Renaissance popes, who concentrated on building churches and enhancing the power of their own families, he and his successors supported improvements in education for the clergy, and the end of simony, and a stricter control of clerical life.

The Holy Office

Also called the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition. Established by Pope John III in 1542 as the supreme ruling office over the Roman inquisition, and to combat internal heresy.

Index of Prohibited Books

List of books banned by the Catholic church to prevent the moral corruption of society.

Council of Trent

Council of the Roman Catholic Church that was called to reform the Catholic Church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants.

Society of Jesus

Society which aimed to spread Catholic faith across the world.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Society of Jesus.

Thirty Years' War

The uneasy truce between Catholics and Protestants created by the Peace of Augsburg 1555 deteriorated as the faiths of various areas shifted. This led to a decades-long war that drew in almost every European state. The most destructive event in central Europe prior to the world wars of the twentieth century.

Peace of Augsburg (After 1648)

This agreement became permanent in the Peace of Westphalia, adding Calvinism to Catholicism and Lutheranism as legally permissible creeds.

Protestant Union

The uneasy truce between Catholics and Protestants created by the Peace of Augsburg 1555 deteriorated as the faiths of various areas shifted. Lutheran princes felt compelled to form this in 1608. Under the leadership of Frederick of the Palatinate.

Catholic League

Catholics retaliated against the establishment of the Protestant Union by forming this in 1609. Under the leadership of Maximilian of Bavaria.

Spanish Hapsburgs

The Catholic monarchy of Spain who strongly supported the goals of their Austrian relatives (German leaders), which was to preserve the unity of the empire and Catholicism within it.

Bohemia

Where the Thirty Years' War began with a conflict between the Catholic League and the Protestant Union but soon spread through the Holy Roman Empire, drawing in combatants from across Europe.

Gustavus Adulphus

King of Protestant Sweden. Under his leadership, the tide of the initial series of Catholic victories during the Thirty Years' War turned because of his intervention, undermining the Habsburg power.

Cardinal Richelieu

Prime minister of Protestant France. Under his leadership, the tide of the initial series of Catholic victories during the Thirty Years' War turned because of his intervention, undermining the Habsburg power.

1648 Peace of Westphalia

The name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe.

United Provinces / Dutch Republic

Won official freedom from Spain after the Peace of Westphalia. Has a constitutionalist government (power of rulers are limited).

Baroque Style

A style in art and music lasting from roughly 1600 to 1750 characterized by the use of drama and motion to created heightened emotion, especially prevalent in Catholic countries.

Peter Paul Rubens

Most outstanding and most representative of baroque painters. Studied in his native Flanders and in Italy, where he was influenced by masters of the High Renaissance such as Michelangelo. Developed his own rich, sensuous, colorful style, which was characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrasts, and monumental size.

Flanders

Where Ruben studied. Dutch-speaking part of Northern Belgium and France, and Southern Netherlands.

Johann Sebastian Bach

Inventive organist and choirmaster of several Lutheran churches across Germany. Wasn't as well known as Ruben. His baroque styled organ music combined the baroque spirit of invention, tension, and emotion in an unforgettable striving toward the infinite.