Gen Psych Exam 4 FSU

emotion

immediate, specific

(positive or negative) response to environment or internal thought

mood

long-lasting emotional state without identifiable trigger

primary emotion

basic emotions

ex: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise

secondary emotion

blends of primary emotions

ex: remorse, love, bitterness, jealousy

James-Lange Theory

perceive specific bodily responses, and then feel emotions

stimulus -> arousal -> emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Schacter-Singer two-factor model

physiological arousal that is then labeled as experience of emotion

stimulus -> arousal -> label -> emotion

arousal

An increase in reactivity or wakefulness that primes us for some kind of action

misattribution of arousal

misidentify the source of your arousal

excitation transfer

the idea that arousal from one event can transfer to a later event

ex: after exercise, horror movie dates

affect-as-information theory

People use their current moods to make decisions, judgments, and appraisals, even if they do not know the sources of the moods.

somatic markers

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences

-guide people to engage in adaptive behaviors

Facial expressions across cultures

Paul Ekman experiment (1969)

fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and surprise were all recognized across cultures even those that were disconnected from others

display rules

govern how and when people exhibit emotions

-learned through socialization

-differ across cultures and sexes

guilt

feeling responsible for another person's negative affect

embarrassment

Occurs after violating a cultural norm, losing physical poise, being teased, or experiencing threat to self-image

motivation

process that energizes, guides, and maintains behaviors toward a goal

needs

-State of biological or social deficiency

-Failure to satisfy leads to psychosocial or physical impairment

Drive

psychological state that causes arousal and motivates people to satisfy needs

-helps maintain equilibrium or homeostasis

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

-choking under pressure

incentives

external objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors

self-determination theory

a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation

extrinsic motivation

perform an activity because of external goals

intrinsic motivation

perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity

self-regulation

process by which people change their behavior to attain personal goals

self-efficacy

the expectation that your efforts will lead to success

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

delayed gratification

Voluntarily postponing an immediate reward in order to complete a task before enjoying a reward.

social psychology

concerned with how people influence other people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

outgroup homogeneity effect

the tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members

social identity theory

ingroups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category

ingroup favoritism

the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

risky-shift effect

groups often make riskier decisions than individuals do

social loafing

when people do not work as hard in a group as they would if they were alone

conformity

altering behaviors or opinions to align with others

normative influence

going with the crowd to avoid looking foolish

informational influence

assuming crowd behavior represents "correct" response

social norm

expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

compliance

simply doing what is requested of you

obedience

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

Milgram Study

study in which a "teacher" administered what he or she thought were real shocks to a "learner" who was an elderly man who told the "teacher" he had a heart condition

prosocial behavior

acting in ways to help others

-Doing favors

-Offering assistance

-Paying compliments

-Resisting an instinct to insult

-Being pleasant and cooperative

altruism

providing help when needed, without any apparent reward

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

4 factors of the bystander effect

-Diffusion of responsibility

-Social blunders

-Anonymous

-Weigh two factors:

-How much harm do they risk to themselves by helping?

-What benefits might you forgo if you help?

decrease bias against outgroups

encouraging harmony between groups by making them work together

ex:

•Phase 1: boys from two camps were pitted against each other

•Phase 2: boys from two camps were required to work together

•Conclusion: competition between groups = hostility, cooperation can promote harmony

attitudes

Feelings, opinions, and beliefs

-Shaped by social context

-Play important role in how we evaluate and interact with others

-Attitudes are created through exposure to new things

the mere exposure effect

the more you're exposed to something the more you like it

explicit attitudes

attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report

implicit attitudes

attitudes that influence a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

Implicit Association Test

measure how quickly a person associates concepts or objects with negative or positive words

cognitive dissonance

psychological stress experienced by a person who simultaneously holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values

postdecisional dissonance

form of regret, a worry that we didn't make the best choice

justifying effort

when people put themselves through pain, embarrassment, or discomfort to join a group, they experience a great deal of dissonance

persuasion

the active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message

factors influencing persuasion

1. source

-attractive and credible or perceived credibility

2. content

3. receiver

personality

peoples characteristics, thoughts, emotions, responses, and behaviors

personality traits

a pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that is relatively consistent over time and across situations

personality and genetics

Evidence that almost all personality traits have a genetic component

Children raised together that are not biologically related - no more alike than two strangers

temperaments

-General tendencies to feel a certain way

-Broader than personality traits

-More stable than personality traits

-Three basic characteristics:

oActivity level

oEmotionality

oSociability

psychodynamic theory

Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior

conscious level

consists of the thoughts that people are aware of

preconscious level

A level of mental activity that is not currently conscious but of which we can easily become conscious.

psychosocial development

freud believed early childhood experiences have a major impact on the development of personality

-children unconsciously aim to satisfy urges

-developmental stages correspond to urges

oral stage

•Birth - 18 months

•Erogenous zone - mouth, binkies, bottles, breastfeeding

•Conflict - weaning the children from the bottle

anal stage

•2 - 3 years old

•Erogenous zone - anus

•Primary focus - controlling bladder and bowel movements

•Conflict - toilet training

phallic stage

•3 - 5 years old

•Erogenous zone - genitals

•Conflict - overcome the Oedipal complex by identifying with same sex parents

latency stage

•Age 6 through puberty

•No conflict

•Time of exploration

•Interacting with same sex peers