Psych Exam 5

chapters 10-12

Motivation

• describes wants and needs that direct behavoir towards a goal

intrinsic motivation

• arise from internal factors such as personal satisfaction

  • autonomy

  • mastery

  • purpose

    • eg: completting a chore to feel accomplished

extrinsic motivation

• motivated due to external factors

  • compensation

  • punishment

  • reward

    • eg chores because mom said so

William James (1842-1910)

• called the father of pscyology in the US

  • theoriezed behavoir was driven by instincts

• instinct

• specific patter of behavior that is not learned

  • eg: maintaining of homeostasis

drive theory of motivation

deviations from homeostasis creates physiological needs

• results in direct behavior to maintain homeostasis

  eg: not eating, low blood sugar, hunger, consume food

habit

pattern of behavoir which we reuglarly engage

Yerkes-Dodson law

• simple tasks are best preformed with high arousal levels

• complex tasks best with lower arousal levels

self efficacy

• an individuals belief in their own capability to complete a task

  • alfred bandura theorized that self efficacy is key in motivating behavior

  • more belif in ones ability = higher likleyhood to take on challanges

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• small percent of people actually achieve a self- actualizied state

satiation

fullness/satisfcation which stops eating bejavoir

regulated by physiological mechanisms

• increase of glucose in blood, pancrease and liver sends signals to stop eating

leptin

• satiation hormone acts as an appetite suppressant

  • secreted by fat cells

parts of the brain involved in eating

• hypothalamus and hindbrain

metabolic rate

• amount of energy expended in a given period of time

  • individual varaiblity

set-point theory

• each indiviudal has a idea body weight which is resistant to change

• genetically predetermined, efforts to change weight are resisted by energy intake/expenditure

  • lack of empirical support, fails to account for social.enviromental facots

overweight

BMI over 25 and 29.9

obese

BMI over 30

nearly one third of american adult population are obese

severe obseity

BMI over 40

risk of death

bariatric surgery

• type of surgery for weight reduction

  • modification of gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food can be eaten/absorbed

bulimia nervosa

• binge eating followed by purging of the food

• usually through vomiting or laxatives

  • can lead to kidney failure, heart failure, tooth decay

binge eating disorder

• binge eating followeed by distress guilt and embarrased

anorexia nervosa

• starvation and excessive exersize

• distorted body image of self= body dysmorphia

• outcomes: bone loss, heart failure, kidney failure, amenorrhea, death

structures of the brain: sexual motivation

• amygdala, nucleus accumbens

• damage results in decreased sexual motivation while still able to do so

  • seen in rats

Dr. Alfred Kinsey

findings:

• homosexuality is fairly common

• masturbation without adverse health consequences

  • women= interest in sex as men

sexual orientation

is an individual’s emotional, romantic, and erotic attractions to other people or no people

sexual response cycle

• excitement- arousal

• plateau- blood flow increases to labia, erection

• orgasm- ejaculation, contraction of pelvis

  • resolution- rapid return to unaroused

refractory peroid

time after orgasm capable of having another

older= longer refractory period

gender identity

ones senee of being male, female, neither or both, or another

Gender dysphoria

describes individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are

emotion

• subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings

  • result from the combination of subjective experience, expression, cognitive appraisal, and physiological responses

components of emotion

• combination of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences

• our experiences, backgrounds, and cultures inform our emotions

James-Lange theory of emotion

emotions only arise from physiological arousal

• such as fight or flight

cannon-bard theory

• physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently

  • eg: seeing snake, you feel fear at same time of fight or flight

  • emotion seperate/independant of physiological arousal

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

• emotions are composed of physiological and cognitive factors

  • labels (im scared) sympathetic nervous systems feeling, type of cognitive appraise

• polygraphs are accurate at differentiating emotions

appraisal

emotion depends on thoughts had

• eg: positive thoughts

polygraph

• lie decetor test measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions

  • vaildy and accuracy are questioned

the cognitive-mediational theory

• asserts our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.

  • appraisal mediates between the stimulus and the emotional response, and it is immediate and often unconscious.

• appraisal precedes a cognitive label

basolateral complex

• dense connections with a variety of sensory areas in the brain

  • critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory

central nucleus

• role in attention

  • connections with hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine system

hippocampus

• involved in emotional processing

• inked to mood and anxiety disorders

  • PTSD = REDUCED COUMED IN HIPPOCAMPUS

cultural display rule

• diffrent cultures have dfirrent expressions and displays of emotion

  • eg: negative emotional suppression in frowned upon in Japan

ability to engage in sexual behavoir: rats

• medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus

• does not affect motivation

7 universal emotions

• Charles Darwin’s: "The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals

  1. happiness

  2. surprise

  3. sadness

  4. fight

  5. disgust

  6. contempt

  7. anger

personality

• traits and patterns that propel individuals to think, feel and behave in certain ways

concioussness : freud

• only one third of our mind is concious

  • rest is unconscious

repression

unaccpetable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious

freudian slip

• expressing unacceptable unconcious through slips of the tounge

  • freud says these are sexual or agressive urges

id- freud

• primative drives and urges

• hunger thirst sex

  • pleasure princaple and immediate gratification

• constant conflict with superego

superego

• occours through socalization

• controls the id

• moral compass and conscience

  • strives for perfectionism

ego

• rational personality

• the self

• personality seen by others

• satisfies the id in rational ways

neurosis- freud

• imbalance between ID and ego

  • results in negative emotions, anxiety disorders, or unhealthy behavior

• eg: dominant superego= guilt lack of pleasures

• or lack of superego= psychopath

defense mechanisms

• unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety

• protects the ego from anxiety

  • unaware of using defense mechanisms

denial

• refusing to accept real events because they are unplesant

  • eg: refusing to admit you have a drinking problem even though you drink every day

displacement

• transferring inappropriate urges onto a more acceptable or less threathening target

  • eg: taking out anger from boss onto co worker

projection

• attributing unnacceptable desires from ones self onto others

  • pointing out someones bad makeup because youre insecure about your own

rationalization

• justifiying behavoirsoirs by subsitituing accpetable reasosn for less acceptable real reasons

  • eg: failing french because you didnt study but saying its cuz your prof was bad

reaction formation

reducing anxiety by adopting belifs contraru to yout own belifs

• being mad at someone for coming late to work and hungover but saying that her partying is “cool”

regression

• returing to coping strategies for less mature stages of devlopment

  • being sad and cuddling your childhood toy

repression

• supressing painful memories and thoughts

  • not being able to remember truamtic experinces

sublimation

redirecting unaccpetable desires through socially acceptable channels

• eg: wanting to hurt someone but going to boxing class instead

stages of Psychosexual Development

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

Stage	Age (years)	Erogenous Zone	Major Conflict	Adult Fixation Example
Oral	0–1	Mouth	Weaning off breast or bottle	Smoking, overeating
Anal	1–3	Anus	Toilet training	Neatness, messiness
Phallic	3–6	Genitals	Oedipus/Electra complex	Vanity, overambition
Latency	6–12	None	None	None
Genital	12+	Genitals	None	None

oral stage

• birth- 1 year

• pleasure from mouth/sucking

  • adult fixation: smoking, drinking biting nails

anal stage

• 1-3 years

• bowel and bladder pleasure

  • adult fixiation: messy, careless, disorganized, emotional outburts

phallic stage

• 3-6 years

• awareness of bodies/genitals

  • oedipus complex: attract to parent of other sex/attention

latency period

• 6 years to puberty

• sexual feelings are dormant

  • freindships with same sex

genital stage

• final stage: puberty onwards

• sexual reawakening

  • desire for opposite sex

indiviudal psychology

• alfred adler

  • focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority

  • people attempt to gain superiorty on life

inferiority complex

• persons feelings that they lack worth and dont measure up to the standards of society

  • could be from childhood

Alfred: Fundemental social tasks

• all humans must experince

  • occupational tasks- career

  • societal tasks- frienships

  • love- finding a partner

Erik Erikson

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development

Stage	Age (years)	Developmental Task	Description
1	0–1	Trust vs. mistrust	Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met
2	1–3	Autonomy vs. shame/doubt	Sense of independence in many tasks develops
3	3–6	Initiative vs. guilt	Take initiative on some activities, may develop guilt when success not met or boundaries overstepped
4	7–11	Industry vs. inferiority	Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not
5	12–18	Identity vs. confusion	Experiment with and develop identity and roles
6	19–29	Intimacy vs. isolation	Establish intimacy and relationships with others
7	30–64	Generativity vs. stagnation	Contribute to society and be part of a family
8	65–	Integrity vs. despair	Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

Carul Jung- Analytical psychology

• working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought and experience within one’s personality.

collective unconcious

• jung

  • universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all

archetypes

• universal themes s expressed through literature, art, and dreams

• these themes reflect common experience: death, becoming independent, and striving for mastery

  • eg: the hero, maiden, trickster

extrovert

• energized by being with others

• seeks attention

  • speaks out loud, quickly and loudly

introvert

• energized by being alone

• avoids attention

• thinks before speaking

  • cautious

behaviorist perspective on personality

• do not believe in biological determinism: personality traits are inborn

  • Skinner argued that personality develops over our entire life- not just first years

cognitive perspective on personality

• emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality

  • reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy all play a part

Reciprocal Determinism

• Bandura

• one’s environment can determine behavior, but at the same time, people can influence the environment with both their thoughts and behaviors

  • eg: going bungee jumping, cognitive factors and context (reward structure) come into play

Self-efficacy

• is our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences

  • affects how we approach challenges and reach goals

locus of control

our beliefs about the power we have over our lives

• internals: believe that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts

• externals: lives as being controlled by factors outside of our control- other people, luck, or chance

Walter Mischel and the Person-Situation Debate

• a person’s personality traits are not consistent across situations

  • but behavoir it is likely to be repeated in diffrent situations

self-regulation.

the process of identifying a goal or set of goals and, in pursuing these goals, using both internal and external feedback

• aka will power

self-concept

• carl rogers

• our thoughts and feelings about ourselves.

• How would you respond to the question, “Who am I?”

• high self concept = congruence

ideal self

• carl rogers

  • person you would like to be

real self

• the person you actually are

congruene

• consistency between the real self and ideal self

• high confruence= greater self worth

  • parents can help children through unconditional postive regard/love

incongruence

• can lead to maladjustment

humanism

• carl rogers and maslow

• individuald choices

  • biology is not determanistic

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

• researchers found that identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities

  • suggest heritability of some personality traits

Heritability

• refers to the proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

temperment

• how a person reacts to the world, including their activity level, starting when they are very young

  babies:

  • easy

  • difficult

  • slow to warm up

2 types of temparment

• reactivity

  • how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli

• self-regulation

  • our ability to control such response

traits

• characteristic ways of behaving

  • eg: optimistic, pessemistic, passive, agressivw etc.

  • Gordon Allport found 4,5000 traits to describe people

  • narroweded down to 171 by raymond cattell

cardinal trait

dominates your entire personality and life

• such as Ebenezer Scrooge’s greed and Mother Theresa’s altruism.

  • few people have cardinal traits

multiple traits.

• more common as personality is comprised of multiple traits

  • loyal, kind, agreeable, friendly, sneaky, wild, and grouchy

Secondary traits

• not quite as obvious or as consistent as

• present under specific circumstances and include preferences and attitudes

  • eg: angry when getting rickled

Eysencks’ theory

• divides people into four quadrants.

  • melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic, and sanguine