4 - "The Sun in Splendour": The Reign of Edward IV 1471-1483

THE CONSOLIDATION OR ROYAL AUTHORITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW METHODS OF GOVERNMENT

DOMESTIC POLICY AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Edwards future looked bright due to

Lancastrain situation

Lancastrians and W were dead

Male line of Henry VI's descendants had become extinct, only female lines of John of Gaunt's descendants remained

Edwards future looked bright due to

Yorkist situation

He had a son, Edward

Support of two brothers

The king chose to regard Henry VI's reapetion as a non-event and the government was restored to the status quo in

September 1470

who was reinstated as the treasurer

Earl of Essex

How did Ed manage his kingship in terms of nobility

delegating local power to a small group of trusted nobles

Due to the demise of the what family were there many vacancies to be filled

Many vacancies to be filled following the deaths of former allies and the demise of the Neville family

Who was the south west entrusted to

to John Lord Dynham and Thomas, Lord Grey of Groby (Marquess of Dorset in 1475.

why was Wales and the Welsh marches somewhat harder to manage

William Herbert's son (also William) had succeeded him as the Eof P but was only 16 in 1471 was not destined to continue wielding the same level of power in the region as his father

What was created and in what year to manage the region in the name of Edward Prince of Wales

a council

Who headed this council

Earl Rivers

Where was the council based

His household and council were based at Ludlow, from where the principality of wales, the welsh marches and the Prince's Duchy of Cornwall could be managed

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

what was his policy in the 60s

to attack or ally with any foreign power that may offer sanctuary or support to the Lancastrians

Why did he feel it was important to take a lead on his foriegn policy

as the earl of Warwick had dominated it through the 1460s

What was at the forefront of foregin policy

Desire for a new French campaign dubbed as the king's great enterprise

Why did he want a french campaign

Still maintained a claim to the crown and he sought revenge for Louis XI's involvement in henrys reapetion

EDWARD INVADES FRANCE

HOw large was EDs well trained army

Leading an army of 12000 well trained / armed

What was brittanys stance

didnt assit

French tactics

French kept distant draining the English of their supplies

Eds reaction

Edward sued for peace

What was signed

Treaty signed in 1475 - paid 15,000 immediately followed by a £10,000 annual pension

CLARENCE AND GLOUCESTER

CLARENCE'S CONFLICT WITH THE WOODVILLES

What did he make clear

Made it known his resentment at the growing power of earl rivers and the queens influence in court

Who did C want to marry after his wifes death and was the reation

Clarence's wife died - wanted to marry Mary daughter of Charles the bold - Ed said no

why did ed say no

feared being drawn into burgundy's continental problems if the marriage went ahead Edward also felt that the marriage of an English nobleman and a daughter of a foreign ruler might be dangerous

Who did he want to marry after that

Wanted to marry daughter of Scotland - rejected

Who may have spoke to Ed

Gloucester may have persuaded his brother

Queen also bears responsibility

G's powers grew and he was entrusted with the

government of the north of England

THE DISPUTE OVER ANNE NEVILLE AND THE BEAUCHAMP INHERITANCE

Lands formerly belonging to W were divided between who

the king's brothers

What was Ed determined to do with C and what did he do as a result

Ed was determined not to let C's previously disloyalty affect his standing and so he was treated generously in spite of his earlier betrayal he was restored to all his properties and given the responsibility for W's estates in the midlands

What was G responsible for

G was responsible for the Neville lands in the north

As well as the Neville estates he was also granted many of the offices previously held by the Eof W and the forfeited lands of the earl of oxford

Neither were content and what was teh main argument

The main dispute was over the Beauchamp inheritance

What did Ed ask C to do

to give up some of his Percy properties in exchange

So, they could be restored back to the families

What was the compromise

Clarence resented this - aware of this resentment Ed gave him the lands of the earl of Richmond originally given to Gloucester

How to make this up to G

Now had to compensate Gloucester for the removal of the Richmond's lands

Edward agreed to let him marry Anne Neville, Warwick's daughter - Anne de Beauchamp, the dowager Countess of Warwick

When did clarence marry Isabel Neville

(1469)

what powers did c have over anne and why

Aged 16, Anne Neville was the Dof C's ward and he held power over her future marriage

What would c have not wanted

had no intention of allowing her to marry his brother has he would have to share W's estates with him

What did C do with AN

While AN was in C's possession he kept her location as secret as he could

What were the rumors of where she was

Reported he kept her in London disguised her as a kitchen maid

What did the Dof G do once he found her

When the Dof G located her, seized her and took her to the sanctuary of St martins where he married her in order to secure a share in the Beauchamp inheritance

When did all this happen

between 12th Feb and 12 July 1472

What didnt he wait for

He didn't wait for the papal dispensation allowing their close kinship marriage

What did this make worse

This only compounded the quarrel between the two brothers that had already been public during the winter of 1471-72

What did Ed to to try to control this

Ed summoned them to put their dispute before the royal council

What was the outcome of the royal council

C declared that G may have Anne just not her lands

A division of the inheritance was agreed in principle, but it was a surrender to Clarence

What was C granted

granted full security in the remainder of it and the lands of the Earldom of Devon - he was created Eof W and Salisbury a week later

When was he granted Eof D

18th March 1472

Who owned a large part of W's inheritance

A large part of the late W's inheritance belonged to his widow Anne who had inherited the Beauchamp lands from her father the previous Eof W

What did AN do

she mounted a desperate legal challenge to protect her rights which continued into 1473

What did this result in?

So that by the end of the year the two younger brothers were on the verge of open conflict

What did G do to AN

The Dowager Countess Anne was taken in June 1473 from her sanctuary to the north by one of Gloucester's men

what were the rumours

Rumours were that her estates were to be restored to her so that she could give them to the duke of Gloucester

when was this matter finally settled

settled in parliament May 1474

What was the resolution

The entire estates were to be divided between Isabel and C and Anne and G

The dowager countess Anne was stripped of her inheritance and declared legally dead

G was not granted the papal dispensation but still had rights to her lands

What did this conclusion show

Conclusion showed a complete disregard for the rules of inheritance

Showed kings relationship with C was not as strong as it was with G

Impact on C

C lost the lord ship of Tutbury and a new chancellor was appointed from Ed's household knights to curb C's authority as the king's lieutenant of Ireland

Although C had been reconciled in 71 what wasnt the same

king didn't trust him

JOHN DE VERE'S CHALLENGE TO EDWARD IV'S AUTHORITY

John de vere's title

Earl of Oxford

What was oxfords impact in barnet

At Barnet Eof O and his men fled after their own side mistook his livery for that of ED and this helped to turn the battle against the Lans

Where did he flee to and where did he gather supprt from

The Earl fled to France - gathered support at court

When did he make raids on the Marches of Calais and apparently with encouragement from who

in early 1472 - George Neville Aof Y

What did This support result in

in the latter's arrest for treason 26th April 1472

where was he imprisoned and how much was seized

He was imprisoned in Hammes Castle in the Calais Marches and his immense treasure of at least £20,000 was seized

Despite this setback what did E of O continue doing

Eof O continued planning with Louis

When did he attempt to land in Essex

He attempted a landing at St Osyth in Essex on 28th May 1473.

Who prevented a successful landing

The Eof E and lords Dynham and Duras prevented a successful landing,

What did this mean for the Eof O

leaving the Eof O to spend the next month's causing trouble for other ships in the Channel

When did he change his tactics turn his fleet to Cornwall capturing St Michaels Mount

September 1473

who were called upon to deal with oxford

Sir John Arundell and Sir Henry Bodrugan

What happened to arundell

died suddenly at the end of the year, leaving Bodrugan to manage the situation on his own

What happened to Bodrugan

Turned out Bodrugan had been giving oxford supplies for the last six months

Who replaced Bodrugan and when

December 1473 Bodrguan was replaced by the sheriff of Cornwall, john Fortescue who was more effective

What did Fortescue do?

Managed to negotiate deals with all of those who would desert the Eof O

How did it end

Garrison crumbled, and the Eof O surrendered on 15th February 1474, and he was sent to join the Aof Y in Hammes Castle

In order to consolidate his authority ED had to focus on his what

children

How many kids did he have

7/10 children survived beyond the age of 5 - all needed to be provided for as suited their status either by marriage or endowment of land

When did his second son Richard beomd Dof Y but what

1473 not until 3 years later he found a suitable estate

Who did Ricahrd marry for his estate and who was she the heir to

Dof N died, and sole heir was infant daughter Anne (Jan 1476)

Richard and Anne were married within months

what provison was made in thier marriage

made provision that the lands would remain to Richard and his heirs even if there were no children

What did this show Ed had no regard for

Ed showed a flagrant disregard for the inheritance laws

who did this marriage disinherit

in effect disinherited, lord Berkeley and John, Lord Howard who were the next heirs to John Mowbray

Some proposals for eds daughters that never happened

Many proposals were planned for Ed's daughters, including marriage to the French Dauphin, the King of Denmark and the future Scottish King but non-came to fruition

By the time of Ed's death none of his daughters were married.

What did ed use to assert authorty

proclamations

Example of this - knight

Sir john Paston a troublesome knight from Norfolk failed to answer two royal summonses to appear before royal council Ed said "if he come not then he shall die for it"

Flung into prison

Example of this - rebellion

Thomas Neville stirred up a rebellion in Kent - executed

Example of this - wales

Trouble in Wales

Most serious threat - Lancastrians continued to defy Edward - notable success when they captured and executed a die-hard Yorkist, roger Vaughan but by October 1471 Pembroke, the last Lancastrian strong holds had surrendered

Used acts of attainder against those who dared defy him

MARRIAGE ALLIANCES

What did ed change his focus from

Ed's foreign policy turned to focus to gain alliances manly through marriages

Who was his greateset asset

Edward

a series of marriages were planned...

What orginal proposal was planned in 1476

the daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

Who was Catherine

She was their only child and therefore heiress to the joint crowns of castile and Aragon

why was this plan dropped

they had two sons alter and the idea was dropped