La Solidaridad and Memoirs of a Student in Manila

February 15 1889

first issue of La Solidaridad

Barcelona, Spain

where la solidaridad publish

Office at Plaza de Buensuceso

office of La Solidaridad

15 centavos

price of single copy of La Solidaridad

0.75 pesetas for spain 1.25 pesetas for foreign

subscription of la solidaridad

kindness and affection

hope for ___ towards the publication of LS

Aspirations of La Solidaridad

• Aspire to fight reaction

• hinder backward steps 

• applaud and accept all liberal ideas

• Defend propaganda

to be a propagandist above all of the ideals of democracy 

brief purpose of La Solidaridad

Aims

• Gather and collect liberal ideas

• Discuss national interest problems and seek national and democratic solutions 

• Support of just and lawful aspirations 

• Discuss political and economic problems

• Focus on the Philippines due to lack of representation in Cortes

• Fulfill patriotic duty in defense of democracy

1837

national right taken in 1837

ignore overseas possessions

Europe

• vulnerable political stability due to conflicting ideas and lack of common welfare focus 

• Divided into states whose inhabitants lack understanding of each other

• Governments are characterized by particularism and individualism

America

• equilibrium maintained by common interests through uniting people and strengthening union with democratic regime 

• Government characterized by socialism and common good

• Former, indiv everything; latter, society everything

France

• Struggle for democracy and liberty results in a weak republic 

• Leaders fearful for Boulanger’s triumph; potential for either empire/monarchy or anarchy

Boulanger

 providential instrument to attain republican and democratic institution

Germany

• Bismarck’s waning strength and lack of colonial ambitions 

• Future uncertain without Bismarck (mind and brains for enterprises) and William I 

• William II’s impulsiveness hastens downfall of German Empire

Austria

• Mourning the death of crown prince rudolf

• Unstable political situation

Spain

• Politican situation unstable with Canovas and Castelar in conflict 

• Politics of fear dominates the current government

Italy

• Calm and stable due to impersonal, democratic, and representative government 

• Moderating role in European politics

Royal Decree

• Minister of colonies recommend to the Governor-General the need to spread the Spanish language

• Acknowledge the failure of previous government policies

Speaking and writing in Spanish

common goal; seen as an achievement

laws

have failed to promote spanish effectively

weak means, teachers and fisalizing agencies 

Potential causes of failure to promote spanish

Primary education

has no academic value

friars

Schools under parish priests’ supervision, particularly __

permits

Teachers’ salaries and survival depend on parish priests’ ___

January 1

Happy tidings from Manila mentioned in La Opinion

Governor Weyler

's approval and support for Establishment of a Spanish school for women in Malolos (inclu night schools)

“La Asociacion Hispano-Filipina”

La Publicidad January 30 issue

Spanish language diffusion

General Weyler’s decree promoting

La Opinion

invoked patriotism of nation to contribute Spanish teaching

Teodoro Sandico and Graciano Reyes

teachers of 1st and 2nd years but no salaries

• permission of night schools for both sexes at no expense

Curriculum of School for Women

• Teaching of Spanish by conversational method

• Elementary Spanish grammar

• Principles and exercises in Arithmetic

• Writing

• Elementary geography

• Spanish history

• Athletics

• Permit for night sch

perceived threats to Spain's integrity

Permit for night schools denied due to ____

Women’s Petition by Malolos Women

• Accompanied by mothers, classes to be held at relative’s home

• Professor paid by women

• Signatures include Alberta Ui Tiongson, Paz Tiongson, Feliciana Tiongson

20

---

women petition

hispanize natives

in the lands conquered by spain

February 3, 1889

OFFICIAL SECTION (Gaceta de Madrid)

Decree of September 12, 1883

Government's aim to spread Spanish language in the Philippines

January 29, 1889

News

“The Expedition to the Island of Negros”

El Pais article on unrest in Negros due to property exploitatio

“Cuba of the Philippines”

“The Expedition to the Island of Negros mentioned causes of turbulent unrest which reigns in the province called ____

exploitation of properties belonging to natives and given to foreigners in violation of natural laws of economics 

In expedition, there was dissatisfaction since 1875 and spirit of interests due to ____

February 11 Spanish Republic Anniversary

• Celebrations and political meetings

• Fanfare in capital

• Procession Sunday, tenth, along Rambla district and thanksgiving banquet at democratic club

Mr. Roca y Roca

Political meeting at  historic Republican center

• Under the leadership of

French restaurant 

Editorial staff and colleagues of La Publicidad held fraternal dinner at_____

Villanueva and Geltru, La Defensa

reprinted Jeremiads of Carnaval in the form of article “ The Philippines are being Lost” 

La Defensa and El Eco Franciscano Articles

• Complaints against the friars in the Philippines

• Lack of gratitude

• Growing friendship between Peninsulares and Filipinos

Associacion Hispano-Filipina

• Celebration of Minister of Colonies' decree making Spanish teaching obligatory

Saturday, 2nd day of present month 

day of Associacion Hispano-Filipina

Mariano Ponce

shares banquet and speeches in Barcelona in Associacion Hispano-Filipina

Secretary General Dominador Gomez

speech:

• Gratitude to Mr. Manuel Becerra, Asociacion hispano-filipina, and president (Miguel Morayta)

Ferdinand Bluementritt

- Filipinologist

Civil governor of Nueva Ecija

• order for inhabitants to uncover heads in the presence of officials and friars

• Emphasis on respect for authority

• Principalia of towns to kiss friars’ hands

Deputy Verges

Denounced in congress

Confiscation of 592 bales of merchandise in Cuba

Merchants refuse to give unjust demands of employees

Mr. Pando

Testimony of ____ was called for and he corroborated the statement

Mr. Bacerra

declared the deputies render service to recommend good employees and expose bad ones 

January 18 decree Mr. Antonio Molto y Diaz Berno, second in command of the force

Suspended Mr. Jose de Almagro, fiscal of Audienca of Manila from position

January 30 royal decree

•  Mr. Antonio Molto y Diaz Berno, second in command of the force

• Replaced by Manuel Rodriguez de Rivera y Rodriguez, Master of camp currently adviser to the supreme council of army and navy

Havana Reports

• Two guards reported warden of barrio of Ceiba

• Reports of theft and fraud involving white men 

• Loss of 25 pesos, gold valuables, and revolver

Janaury 7 evening

Havana Reports day

Corrales Street

In Havana Reports, One gave an account of how a resident of _____, threatened with revolver and forced to leave the house 

• defraud fernando hammel by means of a grayling and detained by warden of nuevo village 

Minister of Colonies’ Plan

• Encouragement of abaca, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, cacao, and indigo cultivation 

• Offering prizes to farmers and requiring monthly reports from authorities concerning plantations and improvements 

• Hold conferences with persons who have been in the Philippines

February 5

Count de canga-arguelles

Colleague El Comercio

complains with mailship disruptions, left in singapore 

• Rest of mail will arrive in a ship from saigon

• Calls for government action to address anomalies

P. Jacinto

Pen Name of Jose Rizal

June 19, 1861

Birth of Jose Rizal at Calamba Laguna

Aya

Had a nurse named __

• Loved very much; used to scare to make him eat supper, feeding imagination of ghosts and mythical beings

• Asuang, nuno, parce-nobies 

nine

Siblings of Tizal: ___ sisters and one brother

nipa hut

Father gave them modest and substantial education, built several homes including ____ in orchard

Family recite rosary together and Nurse told imaginative stories

night time routine of rizal

four years old

Jose Rizal lost Concha at ___

June 6, 1868 

Traveled with father after the birth of Trinidad (3rd girl)

casco

When traveled with father after birth of sister, they boarded a ____ & catig in Laguna lake - heavy river craft made of wood

to visit Saturnina at La Concordia College

Jose Rizal and his father traveled to Manila to

Rizal Avenue

Formerly Dulambayan Stree

nine years old

when sister leave

Leandro

grandson of aunt

Justiniano Aquino Cruz

teacher in Binan; - tall, thin, long neck, sharp nose, wear sinamay

andres salandanan

Jose Rizal faced ridicule and fought bully, boy invited for fight named ___

calambenos

nickname of jose rizal

marcos rizal

friend

jose guevarra

art

Arcadia and Florentina

nieces

Margarita

- confessing and doing penance

Gabriel

widower

Arcadia

- tomboy, inflexible

Florentina

little of vulgar qualities

Leandro

• - capricious, papered little boy, ingenious talent 

Mabolo

Little life of Rizal

• ____ to eat after mass

• Breakfast of dried small fish 

• Went to school, play with cousins, draw, dinner with ayungin

Talim

Received letter from Saturnina advising arrival of steamer __

December 17, 1870

left Binan

Arturo Camps

Jose Rizal went home from Binan with ____, father’s friend

nine years old

traveled from binan

chinelazos

 lashes with slipper (punish)

Jose Alberto

uncle, arrived from Europe since wife abandoned children 

• Neglected duties

• Founded wife after search and divorce

• During pleas, reconciled

• Accused husband of poisoning 

Mr. Antonio Vivencio del Rosario

Rizal’s mother accused of accomplice and treat harsh by

Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan

The manila lawyers,____, defended mother of Rizal acquittal after 2 ½ years 

doctrine, arithmetic, and reading

Jose Rizal Examined on ____ at letran

Rev. Father Miniter / Magin Ferrando

Introduced to ____,

Rejection because of short stature, 11 years old