Psych 202 Module 1

The bottom-up information from the squares marked A and B respectively is ____, which is ____ for the two squares

the raw number of photons coming off the two squares and entering your eye; the same

Which model of attention is this and what does it do

early selection model theory; attentional filter that let through stimuli with basic features and any information passed was analyzed

Which model of attention is this and what does it do

late selection model theory; filtering occurred after all the stimulus input was analyzed and only relevant information was noticed and remembered

Which model of attention is this and what does it do

Attenuation model; information that is weak will totally be blocked, but strong information will be passed through and analyzed

misinformation effect

Occurs when misleading information distorts memory of an event, often due to post-event information.

suggestibility definition and example

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections; an example is when a witness remembers details from a crime based on incorrect/biased sources on the internet…the way things are worded impact our memories

egocentric bias

remembering the past in a self-enhancing manner

cognitive dissonance

discomfort you feel when there is a mismatch between various beliefs you have and the actions you take, resulting to resolve by changing our beliefs or actions

consistency bias

misremember past attitudes or behaviors in line with the attitudes currently held

misattribution

information is remembered correctly, but the source is remembered incorrectly

overconfidence

to be too certain about their ability to accurately remember events and make judgements

serial position effect

aspect of forgetting when people remember the beginning and end of the list but forget the middle items

Patient HM

removed hippocampus, lost ability to form many types of new explicit memories, kept procedural memories

rational choice theory

maximize gains and minimizes losses

availability bias

more available in memory are judged as more common

representative heuristic

base judgements on what we expect to happen

conjunction fallacy

the conjunction of two events makes the process more “representative”

gamblers fallacy

if something happens more frequently than expected, then it will happen less in the future, vice versa

hot hand fallacy

experience success means greater chance of further success

ignoring the base rate

focusing on specific information instead of the general information presented

information bias

the tendency to seek information even if the information isn’t useful in determining what to do

framing

people react to particular choice in different ways depending on whether it is presented as a loss or as a gain

loss aversion

prefer avoiding losses over gaining

risk aversion

prefer certain gains to uncertain gains

sunk cost fallacy

sticking with an original decision because the original investment would be “wasted”

endowment effect

things have more value if you own them

anchoring

relying on the first piece of information (anchor) when making decision

temporal discounting

don’t value things in the future as much as things in the present

belief perseverance

facts don’t change our minds

bias blindspot

we aren’t aware of our bias