AP HuG ultimate review

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes to aid in exam preparation.

Map Distortion

Inaccuracy in a map's representation of distance, direction, shape, or area.

Mercator Projection

A map projection that shows accurate direction but distorts size significantly.

Goode's Homolosine Projection

A map projection with distortions in distances near the edge and unsuitable for directions.

Robinson Projection

A map projection that spreads distortion throughout the map to minimize overall distortion.

Gall-Peters Projection

A map projection that maintains accuracy in size but distorts shape and direction.

Equal-Area Projection

A map projection that attempts to maintain the relative spatial science and areas on a map.

Conformal Projection

A map projection that attempts to maintain the shape of polygons.

Thematic Map

A map that expresses a specific subject and does not show landforms or other features.

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses different colors to express geographic variability.

Isoline Map

A thematic map that calculates data values through points across a variable surface.

Cartogram

A map that distorts geographic areas to convey information about a variable other than their actual size.

Reference Map

Informational maps showing boundaries and toponyms.

Space

The geometric surface of Earth.

Place

An area of bounded space that has some importance to humans.

Sequent Occupance

The succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history.

Scale

The relationship of an object or place to the Earth as a whole.

Formal Region

An area of bounded space that possesses some homogeneous characteristics.

Functional Region

Areas that have a central place or node that is the focus point.

Vernacular Region

Based upon the perception or collective mental map of the region’s residents.

Absolute Location

A point or place expressed using coordinates. Exactly.

Relative Location

Compared to known or geographic features.

Site

Physical characteristics of a location.

Situation

Interrelatedness of a location with other places.

Tobler's Law

All places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than farther ones.

Distance Decay

The farther away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will happen.

Friction of Distance

When the length of distance becomes a factor that inhibits the interaction between two points.

Space-Time Compression

Decreased time and relative distance between places.

Environmental Determinism

The belief that the environment determines culture.

Central Place

Any node of human activity, often a center of economic exchange.

Cluster

Things grouped together.

Agglomeration

Purposeful clustering of things together

Arithmetic Density

The number of things per square unit of distance.

Physiologic Density

Number of people per square unit of arable land.

Agricultural Density

Number of farmers per square unit of land.

Diffusion

How culture, ideas, and technology spread from origin.

Expansion Diffusion

Pattern originates in a central place and then expands outward in all directions.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Originates in a first-order location and then moves down to second-order locations.

Contagious Diffusion

Begins at a point of origin and then moves outward to nearby locations.

Stimulus Diffusion

General principle diffuses and stimulates the creation of new products or ideas.

Relocation Diffusion

Begins at a point of origin, crosses a physical barrier, and relocates.

Spatial Models

Attempt to show commonalities in patterns among similar landscapes.

Urban Models

Try to show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures.

Gravity Model

Mathematical model used to calculate transportation flow between two points.

GIS (Geographic Information System)

A system used for analysis of geographic data and relationships.

GPS (Global Positioning System)

System that utilizes a worldwide network of satellites to emit a measurable radio signal.

Remote Sensing

Uses a computerized scanner to record data from the Earth's surface.

Population Density

A measurement of the number of individuals in a specific region

Carrying Capacity

The number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface permanently inhabited by humans.

Population Pyramid

A graphical way to visualize population, especially age and gender.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

Demographic Equation

Equation relating birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.

CBR (Crude Birth Rate)

Total number of live births divided by total population times 1,000.

CDR (Crude Death Rate)

Total number of deaths divided by total population times 1,000.

TFR (Total Fertility Rate)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.

NIR/RNI (Natural Increase Rate)

Annual percentage of population growth in a country.

Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size (70 divided by RNI).

IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.

Replacement Rate

TFR of 2.1, the rate at which a population replaces itself.

Malthusian Theory

Theory that global population will outgrow food production.

Pro-Natalist

Policies that encourage having children.

Anti-Natalist

Policies that restrict population growth.

Dependency Ratio

Provides the number of people too old or too young to work compared to the number of people in the workforce.

Push/Pull Factors

Factors that induce people to leave or move to a new location.

IDP (Internally Displaced Person)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Transnational Migration

Migrants move from one country to another.

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Culture

Shared experience, traits, activities of a group of people who have a common heritage.

Cultural Landscape

Signs and symbols in the world around us.

Syncretism

The blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait.

Dialect

regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Lingua Franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Folk Music

Music specific to a culture.

Continental Cuisine

Formal food traditions that emerged from mainland Europe.

Nouvelle Cuisine

Contemporary form of continental styles.

Compromising Religions

Ability to perform more integrate other beliefs into their doctrinal practices.

Fundamentalist Religions

Known to have little interest in compromising their beliefs or doctors and strictly adhere to scriptural dictate.

Animist Tradition

Items in nature have spiritual being including landforms animals and trees.

Karma

The balance between the good and bad deeds committed in previous lives.

Land Use

How land is utilized, reveals aspects of cultural landscape.

Cultural Identity

One's belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect

Ethnicity

Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one’s nations or ethnic group.

Cultural Relativism

Individuals beliefs and activities can only be understood in the context of that person's culture, looking at a person's culture from their point of view..

Acculturation

Adapting to a new culture while still keeping some of the original culture.

Assimilation

Complete change in the identity of a minority culture group as it becomes part of the majority culture group.

Country

An identifiable land area.

Nation

A population with a single culture.

State

A population under a single government.

Nation-State

A single culture under a single government.

Nationalism

Spirit and aspirations shared by nations.

Stateless Nation

Culture group is not included or allowed a share in the state political process.

Unitary System

Single centralized government.

Microstates

Sovereign states that hold the same position as larger states

Autonomous Regions

Certain parts of certain nations have been granted freedom from central authority.

Semi-Autonomous Regions

The same freedoms as autonomous region but to a lesser degree.

Multi-State Organizations

Also know as supranationalism, the concept of two or more states coming together for a common purpose.

Territoriality

Expression of political control over space.

Expatriate Population

Citizens living outside borders.

Enclave

Minority culture group concentrated inside a country that is dominated by a different larger culture group.