BY 124L - Kingdom Fungi

What are the general characteristics of fungi?

eukaryotic, haploid stage dominant, cell wall made of chitin, mostly multicellular, vegetative bodies called hyphae, absorptive heterotrophs

What is unicellular in fungi?

yeast

What is mycelium?

filamentous mat of hyphae that is usually subterranean

What does absorptive heterotrophs mean?

use extracellular digestion by secreting exoenzymes and absorbing broken down material

What are the three feeding modes of fungi?

saprobic, parasitic, and mutualism

What is the saprobic feeding mode?

feed on dead material

What is the parasitic feeding mode?

feed on living organism

What is the mutualism feeding mode?

symbiotic with plant roots where hyphae are wrapped around the root (mycorrhizae)

What are the three types of specialized cells are in fungi?

haustoria, rhizoids, reproductive cells

What are haustoria cells?

straw-like feeding tube inserted into hosts cells

What are rhizoids?

root-like hyphae anchoring organism to substrate

How does fungi go through asexual reproduction?

by spores

When do fungi go through sexual reproduction?

when environmental conditions change

Why are cells mononucleated?

because they have septae

Why are cells coenocytic?

because they lack septae and are multinucleated

What is a dikaryon stage?

two distinct nuclei in same cell (have septate)

What is a heterokaryotic stage?

more than two nuclei of different mating types in one mycelium (no septate)

What is plasmogamy?

fusion of cytoplasm

What is karyogamy?

fusion of nuclei

What are some characteristics of Phylum Cryptomycota?

“almost” fungi; found in marine, freshwater, and soil habitats; survive in both aerobic and anaerobic environments, many are parasitic on protists and fungi, some have cell wall of chitin

What characteristic of Phylum Cryptomycota makes it called an “almost” fungi? WAIT THIS QUESTION IS WORDED WRONG

do not have flagellated spores, instead use harpoon-like structure to infect host cells

What are the characteristics of Phylum Chytridiomycota?

found in lakes and soil, some are saprobes, others are parasites, diverged early in fungal evolution, unique among fungi because they have flagellated spores called zoospores (closer to animals)

What are the characteristics of Phylum Zygomycota?

black bread molds (zygote or conjugation fungi), coenocytic, major group of mycorrhizal fungi, saprobic

How does Phylum Zygomycota go through sexual reproduction?

forms zygosporangium (freeze and desiccation resistant), can aim its spores toward a favorable environment

What are the characteristics of Phylum Glomeromycota?

forms arbuscular mycorrhizae, most plants have mycorrhizae relationship

What is arbuscular mycorrhizae?

tips of hyphae push into plant root cells and branch into needle-like arbuscles

What are the characteristics of Phylum Ascomycota?

sac/cup fungi, in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater habitats; main fungal component of lichen

What is lichen?

symbiotic relationship between fungus and cyanobacteria/green algae

How does Phylum Ascomycota reproduce?

asexually produces conidia; sexually produces ascocarp containing tube-like asci

What is asci?

structure containing ascospores

What is ascocarp?

fruiting bodies

What is cleistothecium?

ascocarp with no openings; has to break open to release spores

What is perithecium?

enclosed ascocarp with a narrow opening at the top

What is apothecium?

open ascocarp

What are the characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota?

imperfect fungi, no documented sexual stage

What are the characteristics of Phylum Basidiomycota?

club fungi, asexual reproduction is uncommon, sexual reproduction results in formation of basidiospores produced on club-like structures called basidia

What are the three types of lichen?

foliose (big leaf), crustose (bark with nothing), and fruticose (everything else)

ADD SLIDE ON LICHEN