AP EURO midterm

Reconquista

When the Isabella and Ferdinand kicked out Muslims from Spain

Black Death

started in 1348, killed 1/3-1/2 of the population, started in italy

Hundred Years’ War

England v. France, foot soldiers and parliament become important

Petrarch

father of Renaissance, advocate for humanism, studied greek and roman texts

Pico della Mirandola

Oration on dignity of man, 1486 saw classical and christainity as equals

Machiavelli

wrote the prince, from florence, realist, ends justify means

Castiglione

Book of the Courtier, 1528 gentleman's handbook, described renaissance man

Leonardo Bruni

architect, philologist

Michelangelo

Renaissance artist, sistine chapel

Donatello

Renaissance artist, St. Mark

Raphael

Renaissance artist

Filippo Brunelleschi

Renaissance artist, Old sacristy at San lorenzo

Hans Holbein

painter

Gutenberg

invented printing press

Spanish Inquisition

Concordat of Bologna

french, church, french got control of appionting bishops

Ferdinand and Isabella

'new monarchs' of spain, in favor of colonization

Star Chamber

Compass

navigation instrument

Sternpost rudders

navigation instrument, to help stay on course

Portolani

map, very accurate chart

Quadrant

Astrolabe

navigation instrument

Caravel

Lateen sails

helps with speed

Guns/gunpowder

Asiento

arrangement to buy african slaves, spain

Treaty of Tordesillas

drew a line in the middle of Atlantic ocean, east=Portugal west=Spain, didn't realize Brazil was on Portugal's side of line,

Bank of London

City bank

Bank of Amsterdam

city bank, made amsterdam financial capital of the world

Columbian Exchange

all ideas, religon, culture, animals, and goods exchanged

Middle Passage

to describe trip from africa to new world for slaves

Dutch East India Company

joint stock company

British East India Company

joint stock company

New Monarchs

rose because of new military tech., increase in number of towns, and decrease in prestige of church, they increase competition, explored and colonized.

Great Schism

2 popes one in France one in ItIaly, then 3rd pope in Italy, prestige of catholic church goes down

City-states

Medici

banking family

antisemitism

jewish hate

Humanism

the study of the humanities

Civic humanism

studying the humanities to be a better person

Vernacular

spoken language

secularism

no god

Lorenzo Valla

philologist, used philology to prove the donation of Constantine wasn’t from Jesus times, on the the denotation of Constantine

Christine de Pizan

first feminist, writer, book of the city of ladies (1404)

Battista Sforza

learned greek and latin, governed when husband was away

Isabella d’Este

marques of mantha, ruled when husband was in jail, established library

Laura Cereta

from Brescia, scholar, men didn't think her work was hers because it was so good

Botticelli

painted birth of venus

Christian/Northern Humanism

goal to fuse classical with christ

Erasmus

edited works for church fathers, made greek and latin editions of new testaments, wrote in praise of folly, wanted to reform church, laid the egg that Luther hatched

St. Thomas More

wrote utopia, worked for henry the 8th, christian humanist, killed by henry because he didn't want to spilt from cath. church

Durer

Northern Renaissance painter, portrayed himself as jesus

Fugger

family bank

Prince Henry the Navigator

promotes navigation and exploration in portugal, although he’s not an explorer himself

Conquistadors

Spanish people who explored the new world

Encomienda

granted spanish men tract of land, forced labor on native americans, converted them to christianity

Caste System

caused by encomienda, full blooded Spanish people at the top native/africans at bottom

Las Casas

argued treatment of native americans was wrong, but was ok with using african slaves

Triangular Trade

Europe-> Africa-> America, piece of Colombian exchange

Commercial Revolution

new inventions, exploration, mercantilism, different trade patterns all caused it

Price Revolution

side effect commercial rev., inflation because of bullion being put into economy

Inflation

prices go up

Mercantilism

finite amount of wealth, government should be involved in economy

Bullion

Gold+Silver

Italian Renaissance

secular things become important, lives on earth become important, go back to greek and roman literature.

Northern Renaissance

fuse classics with Christ, reform what was wrong with institutions

Printing press

spread ideas a lot faster

Protestant Reformation

a movement within western christianity in 16th cent. Europe

Martin Luther

wrote 95 these, kick-started protestant reformation, german obsessed with the idea of salvation

95 Theses

Martin Luther wrote them and nailed them to a door on a catholic church, basically said bible+faith alone

Indulgences

paying money to be saved

Tetzel

sold indulgences to raise money for st. peters basillica

Eck

debated with luther, made him say that the protestants needed to separate

German Peasants’ Revolt

thought reformation wasn’t radical enough and revolted, robbed/murdered, luther didn’t like it

Zwingli

started zwinglism, state supervised by church, simple services, faith alone+bible

Anabaptists

adult baptism, very democratic, simple living

John Calvin

started calvinism, predestination, salvation by faith alone, geneva

Church of England

Henry the 8th made it so he could marry Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII

Made Church of England had 6 wives

Elizabeth I

Henry 8th's and Anne Boleyn's daughter, moderate, made England prosper

Catholic Reformation

when the catholics reformed the church, (counter-reformation implies it was a direct effect of protestant reformation, catholic-reformation says these ideas where already in motion)

Jesuits

Society of Jesus, Catholic Church

St. Teresa of Avila

Emotional connection with god, Carmelite= get back to roots to christianity

Council of Trent

pope paul 3 started it, affirmed 7 sacrements, purgatory, indulgences(not to sell), affirm clerical celibacy, affirm faith alone, affirm bible+tradition

Inquisition

Spanish and Italian

Index of Forbidden Books

books banned by catholic church

French Wars of Religion

Huguenots (bourbon) vs. catholics (valois), catherine de medici, st. barts day massarce, ended in henry of navarre, edict of nantes

Schmalkaldic Wars

Fought over religion in HRE ended in peace of augsburg

Peace of Augsburg

German price can decide between Lutheranism or Catholicism

Charles V

‘Poor’ King, king of France and Spain wanted to keep them catholic

Revolt of the Netherlands

The Netherlands revolted against Spain because of Philip the 2nd trying to get rid of Calvinism, get divided into Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Rep.

Phillip II

very catholic king of spain

Thirty Years’ War

Ended in peace of westaphalia, german conflict involves all of europe

Peace of Westphalia

German prince can decide if people are Cath., Lutheran, or calvinist

Henry of Navarre

Edict of Nantes, Huguenot

Edict of Nantes

henry of Navarre did it, certain places could be calvinist in France

Edict of Restitution

1629, revokes peace of Augsburg, gets annulled fast

Defenestration of Prague

Protestants threw Catholics out of window, they landed in poop, during 30 years war

St. Bart’s Day Massacre

wedding catholics massacres protestants, henry of navarre lived and became king