Unit 1 Exam Misc.

L2-L4 vertebrae

origin of femoral nerve

L2-L4 vertebrae

origin of obturator nerve

L5-S3 vertebrae

origin of sciatic nerve

L4-S3 vertebrae

specific origin of tibial nerve

L4-S2 vertebrae

specific origin of common fibular nerve

L5-S2 vertebrae

specific origin of inferior gluteal nerve

L4-S1 vertebrae

specific origin of superior gluteal nerve

tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

branches of sciatic nerve

medial and lateral plantar nerve

branches of tibial nerve

deep (ant) and superficial (lat) fibular nerve

branches of common fibular nerve

inguinal ligament

superior border of femoral triangle

adductor longus

medial border of femoral triangle

sartorius

lateral border of femoral triangle

femoral artery/vein/nerve, greater saphenous vein

contents of femoral triangle

biceps femoris

superior lateral border of popliteal fossa

semitendinosus/semimembranosus

superior medial border of popliteal fossa

lateral head of gastrocnemius

inferior lateral border of popliteal fossa

medial head of gastrocnemius

inferior medial border of popliteal fossa

popliteal artery/vein, tibial nerve/common fibular nerve, lesser saphenous vein

contents of popliteal fossa

femoral artery/vein/nerve

contents of adductor hiatus

Tibialis posterior/flexor Digitorum longus/posterior tibial Artery/posterior tibial Vein/tibial Nerve/flexor Hallucis longus

contents of tarsal tunnel

don’t move

movement capability of synarthrosis (fibrous) joints

suture (skull) & syndesmosis (tibiofibular)

examples of synarthrosis (fibrous) joints

slightly moveable

movement capability of amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous) joints

symphysis (vertebral bodies) and synchondrosis (ribs)

examples of amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous) joints

freely moving

movement capability of diarthrosis (synovial) joints

ball & socket (hip), hinge (knee), condyloid (metatarsophalangeal)

examples of diarthrosis (synovial) joints

femoral artery → popliteal artery → anterior tibial artery →dorsalis or

posterior tibial artery → fibular artery/medial and lateral

pathway of blood flow through the leg

sacrospinous ligament

which ligament turns greater sciatic notch into greater sciatic foramen

osteoblast

precursor to osteocyte

osteocyte

another word for bone cell

osteoclast

phagocyte of bone; removes cellular debris; important for bone remodeling

diaphysis

shaft

epiphsysis

end of bone

epiphyseal line

formerly epiphyseal plate where endochondral ossification occurs

metaphysis

small zone that contains epiphyseal plate

compact bone

dense, strong outer layer of bone

spongy bone

also called cancellous/trabecular bone; inner; has irregular structure

red marrow (hematopoietic)

makes red cells

yellow marrow (stromal)

comprised of connective tissue cells/fat

nutrient artery

enters at small openings in bone (nutrient canals)

periosteum

fibrous tissue comprising outermost surface of bone (is pain sensitive)

haversion system

organization of osteocytes in concentric rings (lamellae) that give compact bone its strength

intramembranous ossification

fast/involves flat bones like skull and pelvis; develops from fibrous tissue

endochrondral ossification

slow/involves long bones like femur/humerus; develops from cartilage within epiphyseal plate

pubofemoral ligament

ligament deep in hip; prevents excessive abduction

iliofemoral

y ligament in hip; prevents excessive extension

ischiofemoral

spiral ligament in hip; prevents excessive internal rotation

anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal

4 parts of deltoid ligament

excessive eversion

how does damage occur to deltoid ligaments

plantar calcaneonavicular

“spring ligament”; supports arch of food

long plantar

supports arch of foot

anterior talofibular/posterior talofibular/calcaneofibular

ligaments located laterally on foot

anterior talofibular/posterior talofibular/calcaneofibular

ligaments that would be damaged with excessive inversion

anterior (ventral)

toward front of body

posterior (dorsal)

toward back of body

superior (cephalic)

toward head

inferior (caudal)

toward tail

medial

toward midline of body

lateral

away from midline

proximal

toward/nearest center of body

distal

away/farthest from center of body

superficial

toward surface of body

deep

toward interior of body

ipsilateral

on same side

contralateral

on opposite side

somatic

refers to body wall

visceral

refers to structures in body cavities

sagittal plane

divides body into right/left

frontal (coronal) plane

divides body into anterior/posterior

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides body into superior/inferior

spinalis/longissimus/iliocostalis

deep muscles of back (erector spinae)

extension of spine

function of deep muscles of back

annulus fibrosis

outer portion of intervertebral discs

nucleus pulposis

central portion of intervertebral discs

primary curvatures (kyphosis)

present at birth; thoracic and sacral regions

secondary curvatures (lordosis)

develops later in infancy; cervical and lumbar regions

ligamenta flava

between lamina of adjacent vertebrae

limits excessive extension of spine

function of anterior longitudinal ligament

limits excessive flexion of spine

function of posterior longitudinal ligament (can also prevent posterior herniation of IV discs)

supraspinous ligament

merges with ligamentum nuchae; unites adjacent spinous processes

ligamentum nuchae

extends from occipital protuberance to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae; median ligament; provides muscle attachments

interspinous ligaments

unites adjacent spinous processes; weak and membranous

anterior/posterior sacroiliac

cover the anterior and posterior sacroiliac joints

multipolar

one axon multiple dendrites

bipolar

one axon, one dendrite (special sensory cells)

unipolar

one process that splits into dendrite and axon

astrocytes

 star shaped; play role in responding to damage/inflammation; coordinate activity b/w big groups of neurons

oligodendrocytes

make myelin in CNS

microglia

phagocytic activity; eat cellular debris of neurons that have devolved (respond to injuries)

ependymal cells

type of glial cell that lines the brain and spinal cord cavities that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Schwann cells

make myelin in PNS

satellite cells

support cells within ganglia

lumen

interior passageway of arteries

tunica intima

single layer of epithelial cells (innermost layer); in arteries

tunica media

layer of smooth muscle in arteries

tunica externa (adventitia)

fibrous connective tissue; exterior (gives arteries white color)

dorsal spine

contains sensory axons conveying impulses in

ventral spine

contains motor axons conveying impulses out

exterior

position of white matter in spinal cord (lots of myelinated axons)