Science of Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics

branch of genetics that studies the function of the cell in the process of inheritance

Matthias Jakob (1838) and Theodor Schwann (1839)

The Plant and Animal cell cytogenetic scientists

Karl Wilhelm von Nageli (1842)

Scientist who made the Cytoblastema Theory

Rudolf Virchow (1855)

The scientist who said all cells come from cells “omnis cellula e cellula”

Walter Flemming

Founder of Cytogenetics

Chromosomes

these are organized structures containing the DNA with structural proteins called histones

Polypoid

these are multiple sets of chromosomes

Triploid

These are 3 sets of chromosomes

Monosomy

This term consists of only 1 chromosome

Trisomy

It contains 1 extra copy of chromosome

60

Number of diploid chromosomes of Bison bison (buffalo)

38

Number of diploid chromosomes of Felis catus (cat)

60

Number of diploid chromosomes of Bos taurus, Bos indicus (cattle)

78

Number of diploid chromosomes of Canis familiaris (dog)

62

Number of diploid chromosomes of Equus asinus (donkey)

60

Number of diploid chromosomes of capra hircus (goat)

60

Number of diploid chromosomes of Equus caballus (horse)

46

Number of diploid chromosomes of Homo sapiens (humans)

36

Number of diploid chromosomes of Sus scrofa (pig)

54

Number of diploid chromosomes of Ovis aries (sheep)

Karyotyping

it refers to the routine analysis if chromosome at the metaphase stage by which have been banded using trypsin followed by stains.

1956

What year was when 46 chromomes were accepted for humans?

colchicine

what drug is used to stop metaphase

23

which chromosome is the sex chromosome

down syndrome

It is also called as trisomy 21

turner syndrome

a missing x chromosome may lead to?

Klinefelter syndrome

syndrome with an extra x chromosome (47 chromosomes)

Giemsa banding (g-banding)

it is useful in creating a karyogram

it binds to phosphate group and high adenine-thymine bonding

it can identify chromosomal aberrations such as translocation and rearrangements

Quinacrine banding (q-banding)

banding in which it uses fluorescent staining technique

made by Torborn Caspersson (1960)

C-banding (centromere banding)

stains the heterochromatin near the centromere

Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH)

it refers to the cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that attaches to specific areas in the chromosome with high degree of sequence complimentary

Green

Color of Fluorescent Dyes

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)

Red

Color of Fluorescent Dyes

Texas Red

Cy3 (greenish yellow), Cy5 (Red)

Color of Fluorescent Dyes

Cyanine Dyes

Multiple colors

Color of Fluorescent Dyes

Quantum Dots

DNA microarray analysis

it makes use of a DNA microarray or DNA chip

can be classified as either: traditioal solid-phase array or alternative bead array