AP Euro Renaissance

causes of the renaissance

decline of feudalism (idea of king and nobles economic system), church lost power due to scandals, changing nobility, growth of middle class (trade), education and vernacular

why did renaissance start in italy

center of greco-roman culture, benefited from trade, urban civilization, politically divided

commenda

contract between merchant and “merchant adventurer” who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds for 1/3 of the profits

florence

preeminent italian Ren. city, important banking center, Medici patronage

Medici family

in Florence, wealthy family from wool, banking, and tax collectors for the Pope, never actually held office but controlled the city

Cosimo de Medici

allied with other powerful families and became unofficial ruler of the republic

Lorenzo de Medici

the “magnificent”, significant patron of the arts, Cosimo’s grandson

Milan

ruled by Sforza family, important center of overland trade between Italy’s seaports, gained wealth from agriculture and silk/armor industry

Francisco Sforza

became Duke and made himself Milan’s ruler

Rome

papal states, ren. popes become increasingly involved in secular affairs and ren. culture

venice

commercial city with very effective government, had monopoly on spice trade and luxury goods, one of greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries

naples

controlled Spanish Aragon, this combination becomes the Kingdom do the Two Sicilies

decline of the Italian city-states

french invasions, overthrow of the Medici, Girolamo Savonarola became unofficial leader

Girolamo Savonarola

lower classes love him, preaches of Medici’s corruption and how he would be fair with power, later he became more corrupt than the medici’s ironically

humanism

strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings, virtue of excelling in all of one’s pursuits, key to good life was reason and nature

civic humanism

idea that education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs

Petrarch

“father of humanism”. considered first modern writer (first translator to get paid), literature was no longer subordinate to religion, perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis to ancient texts, wrote poetry in Italian vernacular

Boccaccio

compiled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology, Decameron was famous work

Leonardo Brunin

crucial to us bc he wrote what we know now, first to use the term humanism, wrote a History of Florence

Lorenzo Valla

foremost expert on the Latin language: wrote Elegances of the Latin Language, On the False Donation of Constantine, and pointed out errors in the Latin Vulgate

Marsilio Ficino

founded the Platonic Academy, translated Plato’s works into latin

Pico Della Mirandola

member of Platonic Academt, wrote Oration of the Dignity of Mean (one of most famous humanistic works)- idea of free will and wrote in God’s perspective

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote The Prince, rulers should be feared instead of loved, influenced European rulers for centuries

Baldassare Castiglione- The Book of the Courtier

most important work with Ren. education, specified qualities necessary to be a true gentleman

Johann Gutenberg

created printing press, spreads culture and nationalism and humanism

italian art patronage: Donatello’s David

stood in Medici court yard during the wedding of Lorenzo de Medici

Rome became center of art during 1500s

pope Alexander VI was most immoral pope, spent a fortune on art patronage

• Michealangelo’s Dome atop St. Peters, sistene chapel, Pieta sculpture

• Raphael’s The School of Athens

• Bramante’s Tempietto

new italian painting techniques

perspective, chiaroscuro (dark and lights), blurring lines, realism and expression

new Italian architecture points

simplicity symmetry and balance, contrasted with middle ages gothic style

Florentine Renaissance Artists: Giotto

considered perhaps the first ren. painter

Florentine Renaissance Artists: Flippo Brunelleschi

considered the “father of perspective”; Il Duomo is his masterpiece, being the largest dome in Europe at its time

Florentine Renaissance Artists: Lorenzo Ghiberti

won a contest against Brunelleschi that earned him the commission to sculpt the bronze doors for florentine baptistery, he called them the “Gates of paradise”

Florentine Renaissance Artists: Donatello

bronze statue of David was 1st since antiquity, 1st artist to utilize a naked figure

Florentine Renaissance Artists: Masaccio

painting: Expulsion of Adam and Eve- extremely expressive, both figures being naked and glorifying the body

Florentine Renaissance Artists: Sandro Botticelli

painter of Birth of Venus, exemplified humanism as the subject was Venus the Roman goddess of love, Venus stands in contrapposto

high renaissance

centered in Rome, where the secular popes Alexander VI, Julius II, and Leo X provided tremendous patronage to the arts

characteristics of high renaissance

classical balance, harmony, restraint

high Renaissance: Bramante

alexander VI appointed him to be principal architect of the rebuilt of St. Peters

high Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci

Mona Lisa- developed techniquese of sfumato, Last Supper

high Renaissance: Raphael Santi

numorous Madonna and Child paintings, School of Athens (exemplified humanism)

high Renaissance: Michelangelo Buonarroti

commisioned by pope Julius- ceiling of sistene chapel, David and Pieta sculptures, St. Peters dome

mannerists

rebelled against the perfection of the high renaissance, created works that use unnatural colors and elongated shapes

northern Renaissance: Christian humanism

emphasis on early church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the church, emphasized education and power of human intellects, led to reformation

northern Renaissance: Erasmus

made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions of the new testament to create “purer” versions, one of first humanists to earn a living by writing

northern Renaissance: Erasmus’ works

In Praise of Folly- best selling book 2nd to bible, criticized immortality and hypocrisy of the church leaders and clergy, book inspired reform calls

northern Renaissance: Thomas More

civic humanist, Utopia: in order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good

northern Renaissance art

flemish style, more detail, used oil paints instead of tempura, more emotional than Italian style, works often preoccupied with death

northern Renaissance art: Jan Van Eyke

most famous and innovative painter, perfected oil painting, incredible detail; Ghent Alterpiece, Arnolfini and His Wife

northern Renaissance art: Bosch

master of symbolism and fantasy, works reflect confusion and anguish of the middle ages; Death of the Miser

northern Renaissance art: Peter Brueghel the Elder

focused on lives of ordinary people

german artists of the northern renaissance

Durer: mastered proportion, perspective, and modeling, sculpter and painted self-portraits

Hans Holbein the Younger: portrait artist, The Ambassadors

Fugger Famoly

wealthy women during the renaissance

increased education, trophy wives, women remained chaste till marriage while men can do whatever they want

renaissance women: Christine de Pisan

perhaps europe’s first feminist, extremely well educated, wrote chronicle of accomplishments of great women of history

renaissance women: Isabelle d’este

set an example for women to break away from their traditional roles as mere ornaments to their husbands, extremely well educated, founded a school for young women

renaissance women: Artemesia Gentilleschi

baroque painter, first women to paint historical and religious scenes

new monarchs power consolidation

reduced power of nobility through taxation, military revolution ruled against allowing nobles to rule military, reduced clergy power, determined religion of subjects, efficient bureaucracies, increased debt when taking loans

opposition of new monarchical power

nobles resented their declined influence, clergy members saw the Pope as their leader not the monarch, independent towns resisted centralization

Louis XI

french, “spider king”, absolutely ruthless ruler. created large royal army, increased taxes, ruled over clergy, encouraged economic growth and middle class through industries such as silk

Francis I

french, with the concordat of Bologna he could appoint bishops to the french church, taille: direct tax on land and property- allowed the gov to expand budget on army

War of the Roses

english civil war, yorkists vs lancasters, lancasters won and gave rise to the Tudor dynasty

Henry VII

english, star chamber reduced nobility power, however parliament continued to gain power

Henry VIII

broke away from the catholic church and established the church of england, oversaw the expansion of the royal bureaucracy and became most powerful english king up the that time

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

spanish, marriage alliance for geographical unity, reconquista-goal was to remove anyone who wasnt catholic, hermanadades were alliances of cities to oppose nobles

spanish inquistion

concieved by Isabella, monarchy enforced catholicism, targeted conversos (Jews who claimed to convert but were jewish in their homes)

Maximilian I

gained territory in eastern France via marriage alliance with Mary of Burgundy, sparked a fierce dynastic struggle between french Valois dynasty and Hapsburgs

Charles V

most powerful European ruler of the century, always in war with other regions, armies sacked Rome in 1527 which ended Renaissance, he sought to prevent the spread of reformation but failed to do so

the holy Roman empire consisted of…

about 300 semi-autonomous German states