unit 3 apes

population ecology

study of how and why the population sizes change pver time

generalist

-broad nice

-wide range of tolerance

-racoos, rats, cows

-invasive species

-adapt to change more easily

specialist

-small niche

-narrow range of tolerance

-corals, frogs, pandas

-indicatpr species

-more suscepitble to extinction

type 1 survivor

few offspring

high parental care

late loss

type 2 survivor

3-6 offspring

average parental care

constant loss

type 3 survivor

many offspring

low parental care

early loss

k-selected

fewer, larger offspring

lower population growth

thrive best in ecosystem w/ fairly constant environmental conditions

population remains close to carrying capacity

r-selected

smaller offspring

high population growth

opportunist

crash if favorable conditions are gone

population goes through irregular or unstable cycles

exponential growth (j curve)

putting some individuals in an area for the first time where they have no competition, plentiful resources, and no predators.

causes population to grow at a rapid rate

ex. invasive species

biotic potential

maximum reprouction rate of a population in ideal conditions

density dependent

increasing affects as the population increases

density dependent examples

food, diesease, predators, space

density-independent

these factors can affect population, regardless of their density

density independent examples

temperature, storms, floods, droughts

logistic curve (s curve)

stars off as a j curve but then limiting factors begin reducing rate of population growth, eventually population reaches carrying capacity.

carrying capacity

the max population size an enviornment can support

predator-prey relationship

the predators and prey keep each others population in check leading to a “boom and bust” type of population cycling

Malthus

human population is growing exponentially while food suppy grows lineraly which will lead to war famine and disease

effects of overpopulation

hunger

poverty

pollution

disease

depletion of resourses

climate change

habitat destruction 

ecological footprint

the quanitity of nature it takes to support people or an economy. a measure of sustainability 

a replacement-level fertility 

number of chilren a couple would have to replace themselves

decreasing fertility/birth rate

education

access to concentreption/family planning

anti-natalist policies

crude birthrate/deathrate

#of births/deaths in 1 year/#thousand total 

national growth rate

crude births- crude deaths/10

births-deaths x 100