eyes

Blepharitis

is caused by a mite followed by a bacterial infection caused by s. aureus and s. epidermidis

Blepharitis

allergic reaction to the mite, and infected by s. aureus

Blepharitis

There may be a history of itching and

scaling of the lid since early

childhood.

Glucocorticoid

DOC for blepharitis

tetracycline, azithromycin

__ is the doc for staphylococcal infections, but since it is toxic to children under 8 y/o, give__instead

Hordeolum

"stye" "kuliti"

Hordeolum and Chalazion

Generally Staphylococcus aureus, but

may also be caused by Pseudomonas

aeruginosa and Proteus sp.

Chalazion

would happen after a stye

Chalazion

evolve from

hordeolum that do not drain

spontaneously or are not incised

Hordeolum- cystic

Chalazion- pus formation

difference between Hordeolum and Chalazion

Erythromycin:

Cephalexin:

Doxycycline:

Treatment: Hordeolum and Chalazion

Periorbital cellulitis

Staphylococcus aureus (most

common), S. pneumoniae, H.

influenzae

periseptal cellulitis

acute eyelid erythema and edema

Clindamycin

Doxycycline,

cotrimoxazole:

tx: Periorbital cellulitis

Acute Dacryocystitis

Etiological agents:

▪ S. aureus, S. epidermidis,

Streptococcus pneumonia

pus formation

indications of s. aureus infection

Acute Dacryocystitis

This is an infection of the lacrimal

sac, almost always secondary to

obstruction of the lacrimal duct

Acute Dacryocystitis

occurs when both the upper and

lower ends of the drainage system

become partially or totally

obstructed.

Acute Dacryocystitis

The major symptom is

pain in the tear sac area. There are

also erythema, edema, a purulent

discharge and epiphora

dexamethasone

a corticosteroid that inhibits inflammation

Chronic dacryocystitis

is usually caused

by a single site of partial or complete

obstruction within the lacrimal sac or

within the nasolacrimal duct.

Haemophilus aegyptius

pink eye conjuctivitis CA

Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum

is a

sexually transmitted infection

caused by C. trachomatis

Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum

Corneal scars, conjunctival scars,

and micropannus formation occur

Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum

▪ It is rarely a cause of blindness

▪ There will be inclusions in the

epithelial cells of the conjunctiva

Trachoma

This disease is limited to man, infecting

only epithelial cells of the eye and

possibly the nasopharynx; no systemic

involvement has been described.

Trachoma

Scarring of the conjunctiva may cause

the eyelids to turn inward so that the

lashes scratch the cornea

Normal Tarsal Conjunctiva

1st stage trachoma

Normal Tarsal Conjunctiva

Pink, smooth, thin and transparent.

Over the whole area of the tarsal

conjunctiva, there are large deep

lying blood vessels that run

vertically

(TF) Trachomatous Inflammation-

follicular

2nd stage trachoma

(TF) Trachomatous Inflammation-

follicular

Presence of five or more follicles in

the upper tarsal conjunctiva

(TF) Trachomatous Inflammation-

follicular

Follicles are round swellings that

are paler than the surrounding

conjunctiva, appearing white,

grey or yellow

(TI) Trachomatous Inflammation-

Intense

3rd stage trachoma

(TI) Trachomatous Inflammation-

Intense

Pronounced inflammatory

thickening of the tarsal conjunctiva

that obscures more than half of the

normal deep tarsal vessels

(TI) Trachomatous Inflammation-

Intense

The tarsal conjunctiva appears

red, rough and thickened, with numerous follicles which may be

covered by the thickened

conjunctiva

Trachomatous scarring (TS)

4th stage trachoma

Trachomatous scarring (TS)

The presence of scarring in the tarsal

conjunctiva

Trachomatous scarring (TS)

Scars are visible as white lines or

sheets in the tarsal conjunctiva. They

are glistening and fibrous in

appearance

Trachomatous scarring (TS)

Scarring, especially diffuse fibrosis,

may obscure the tarsal blood vessels

Trachomatous Trichiasis (TT)

At least one eyelash rubs on the

eyeball

Trachomatous Trichiasis (TT)

Evidence of recent removal of

inturned eyelashes should also be

graded as trichiasis

Corneal Opacity

Easily visible corneal opacity over

the pupil

Corneal Opacity

The pupil margin is blurred viewed

through the opacity. Such corneal

opacities cause significant visual

impairment (less than 6/18 or 0.3

vision) and visual acuity should also

be measured

Azithromycin

DOC for trachoma

Bilateral conjunctivitis

which is

usually self-limited. It may be

recurrent with herpesvirus. No

constitutional symptoms are present

Viral Conjunctivitis

Caused by a virus, like the common cold. This type of pink eye is very contagious, but usually will clear up on its own within several days without medical treatment.

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Caused by eye irritants such as pollen, dust and animal dander among susceptible individuals. Allergic conjunctivitis may be seasonal (pollen) or flare up year-round (dust, pet dander).

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

Caused by bacteria, this type of conjunctivitis can cause serious damage to the eye if left untreated.

Fungal Conjunctivitis

An uncommon disease which can be

acute or chronic.

Fungal Conjunctivitis

Often aggravated by

glucosteroids and initiated after

antibiotic therapy. Diagnosed by

isolation of the etiological agent

Onchocerca vulvulus

River blindness CA

simulium blackflies

Onchocerciasis: transmitted by

Doxycycline

may be used to eliminate the endosybiotic bacteria Woblachia; this disrupts production of microfilariae by the adult female worm

Loa loa

African eye worm ca

Chrysops deer fly

Loa loa IS Transmitted by

Ophthalmia neonatorum

Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes

Ophthalmia neonatorum

The disease is contracted from a mother with gonorrhea as the fetus passes down the birth canal. Infection does not occur in utero.

Bacteria Keratitis

Inflammation of the cornea

¨ Aspergillus species

s the most common isolate in fungal keratitis world wide, followed by Fusarium then penicillium

Fusarium then penicillium

Aspergillus species is the most common isolate in fungal keratitis world wide, followed by__then__

Uveitis

Nonpurulent uveitis seldom involves the entire uveal tract but may occur predominantly in the anterior segment

Uveitis

is when the middle layer of the eye (called the uvea) becomes red and swollen.

ANTERIOR

Swelling in the front of the uvea.

INTERMEDIATE

Swelling in the middle of the uvea.

POSTERIOR

Swelling in the back of the uvea.