Paper 2 Case Study Statistics

Opportunities of rapid Economic Growth in an NEE

• International airport which brings 80% of all flights into West Africa

• EKO ATLANTIC (new city being built) to provide accommodation for 250,000 people and PME provide 150,000 further jobs.

Urban trends in different parts of the world (HIC’s)

HIC’s

• Slow rate of urbanization (avg 1%)bc Cities grew during Industrial Rev(late 1800s)

• 1950’s 79% of UK’s pop lived in towns or cities

• 2013 83% of pop lived in towns or cities

• overpopulation in urbanized areas can lead to people moving back to rural areas .. need to improve transportation infrastructure to allow ppl to commute from far e.g Hs2 project

Pros and Cons of the Hs2 project

Urban trends around the world (LICS)

• High rates of urbanisation (avg 6%)

• only around 30% of pop live in urban areas, most live rural

• e.g Ethiopia and Afghanistan

Urban trends around the world (NEEs)

• Rapid Urbanisation

• e.g 1978 18% China =Urban but 2018 59%

• leads to formation of Megacities 2/3rds of megacities are LIC/NEE e.g Mumbai

Factors affecting the rate of urbanisation

Limitations of Economic and Social measures

• GNI per head- as it is an average it doesn’t account for the variations in a country e.g Qatar has GNI per head as high as HIC’s but has a lot of poor ppl.

• Birth rate- can be due to religious/cultural reasons, or political legislation e.g China’s one child rule can distort trends so doesnt reflect development.

• Death rate- higher death rates may indicate an aging population rather than poor healthcare.

Links between the stages of DTM and the level of development

Causes of uneven development (physical, economic, historical)

Physical :

• Poor Climate- low crop yield due to unsuitable environment, means not much food produced =malnutrition= low quality of life + low life expectancy. Fewer crops to sell therefore less is sold and bought so less money to spend of development

• Few Raw Materials- fewer products to export= less money made, triggers the cycle of poverty

• Natural Disaster- money spent on rebuilding therefore less money to spend on development, death rates increase + low quality of life + low HPI

Economic :

• Poor trade links- limit a country’s ability to integrate into the global economy, restricting access to markets, technology, and investment, all of which are essential for development.

• Debt- money needs to be payed back w interest from international loans taken (could be due to aid w natural disaster) therefore less money for development

• Primary products- countries that mainly export raw materials are less developed as they are sold for less profit than manufactured goods. Price of product may fall below cost of production.

Historic :

• Colonisation- Former colonies were exploited for resources, leaving weak economies (e.g India, Nigeria) profits went to colonisers instead of colonies, further increasing inequality.

• War- money spent on arms and soldier training instead of development. Infrastructure rebuilding. Education and healthcare disrupted. Increase in infant mortality rates, decline in literacy rates. (e.g Syria 2008 has HDI of 0.65, dropped to 0.54 in 2016 after 5 years of war.

Strategies used to reduce development gap

1. Investment- FDI involves multinational companies investing in a country's businesses, infrastructure, or resources. This can boost the local economy, create jobs, improve skills, and transfer technology. It's one of the most effective ways to spur long-term economic growth and reduce the development gap.

2. Aid- provide immediate relief for poorer countries. It can fund projects in education, healthcare, and infrastructure, contributing to long-term development. Loans help finance large-scale projects but can create debt burdens.

3. Fair Trade- better access to international markets allows poorer countries to sell their goods at higher prices. This can boost exports, stimulate economic growth, and reduce poverty. However only a small proportion of profit may reach producers, while the rest boosts retailers profits.

4. Using intermediate technology- tools, equipment, and processes that are simpler, cheaper, and more accessible to developing countries than advanced technologies. e.g solar-powered LED bulbs used in Nepal where only other lighting options are polluting and dangerous, allows people to study and work, therefore PME literacy rates increase, GNI increase etc

5. Microfinance Loans- Providing small loans to entrepreneurs in LICs can create financial independence and make small businesses to grow, create jobs, and reduce poverty. Smale scale and effective but not as effective as FDI

6. Industrial Development- industrialising countries that are very agriculturally dependent by building infrastructure… is crucial for facilitating trade, attracting investment, and improving the quality of life. Efficient infrastructure supports all aspects of development, from education to healthcare

7. Debt Relief- reduces the burden of repayment for countries, freeing up funds for development projects instead. While it can alleviate short-term financial strain, it does not directly stimulate economic growth or development without accompanying reforms or investments in key sectors.

Types of Aid

• Bilateral Aid- aid from one country to another, conditions may be attached e.g aid money must be spent on goods from doner countries

• Multilateral aid- countries donate money through organisation e.g UN, World Bank

• Voluntary aid- given by individuals or companies and is distributed through charities or NGOs e.g Muslim AID or OxFam

Location and importance of Nigeria regionally and globally

Location: West Africa, Bordered by Chad, Niger, Benin & Cameroon.

Regional Importance:

• Highest GDP in Africa

• Largest farm output in Africa

• Largest pop in Africa (200 mil)

Global importance:

• worlds 21st largest economy

• Nollywood 2nd largest film industry in the world (2500 movies in 2021)

• 12th largest producer of oil (countries who supply oil have a large political influence over those who don’t)

• 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping forces

Environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria

Industrial Growth:

• 10,000 illegal industries illegally dump toxic waste into rivers —> decrease water quality, decrease quality of life, harm biodiversity, eutrophication

• Breathing and lung problems caused by toxic fumes —> decrease air quality, health problems, Nigeria already has low life expectancy (56years)

Urban growth:

• Waste in slums, dumped on streets

• Traffic congestion —>increase in air pollution

• 70-80% of forests removed through urban sprawl and logging

Oil extraction:

• Oil spills damage freshwater and marine ecosystems

• Oil spills release CO₂ —> acid rain

• 600,000 barrels of oil leaked in 2008 Bodo oil spill.

• Oil theft costs Shell and the N-Government billions of dollars per year

• Oil flares send toxic fumes into the air

Effects of economic development in an NEE and its affects on quality of life (TNC’s affects)

• Nigeria highest rates globally of HDI improvements over the last 30yrs. (HDI 2005= 0.466 in 2013= -0.504)

• Oil is the biggest export (98% of all export earnings)

Shell:

• Direct employment 65,000

• Indirect employment 250,000 (growth of small local businesses)

• 91% of Shell contracts are given to Nigerian companies

• major contribution to Nigerian taxes

• Locals develop new skills (training provided by Shell)

• all ts triggers PME… therefore…

  Improvements to infrastructure e.g roads

  Better access to safe water and sanitation

  More doctors + better equipped hospitals

  Higher disposable income to buy food

Almeria challenges

• illegal immigrants

• low wages and poor conditions

• aquifiers drying up

• 33,500 tonnes of plastic waste

• greenhouses reflect sunlight

almeria advantages

• 3,000 hours of sunlight anually

• $1.5 Billion annual income to area

• hydroponics and drip irrigation (less water used)

• warm temps avg 20= low energy costs

Rural urban fringe growth Cambridgeshire

• 15,000 in south cambridgeshire

• 150,000 180,000 by 2030

• unis

Jamalpur rice fish farming

• triples income for workers

• 10% increase in rice yeild

• farming is 50% of their income

Kenya tourism

1.1 millions jobs

15% of exports is tourism

8% of GNI

Outer hebridies rural decline

1901 45,000 to 26,000 2020

50% decrease

limited transport