GENBIO

CELLS

Phosphate head

hydrophilic (attracted to water)

FATTY ACID TAILS

Hydrophobic (repelled by water)

Cell Membrane

selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others

AQUAPORIN

water channel in bacteria

conformational change

protein changes shape

AQUAPORINS

Water move rapidly into and out of cells

MEMBRANE PROTEINS

proteins that are embedded or attached in the cell membrane. They act as the cell's gatekeeper and communication receptors

Integral Proteins and Peripheral Proteins

What are the 2 membrane proteins?

INTEGRAL PROTEINS

Proteins that embedded within the phospholipids bilayer within the entire membrane

Transmembrane or partially embedded

PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

Proteins that are loosely attached to the cell membrane’s surface

Passive and active transport

What are the 2 types of cellular transport

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

the movement of materials into and out of the cell WITHOUT the use of energy

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Movement of materials into and out of the cell with the use of energy

TRANSPORT MECHANISM

refer to the various ways molecules move across biological membranes such as the cell membrane.

These processes are important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function

HOMEOSTASIS

process by which organisms maintain a stable internal and external environment

Adenosine triphosphate

What does ATP means?

Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis

What are the types of passive transport?

Diffusion

2nd Law of thermodynamics governs biological systems

Concentration becomes equal throughout a space

Simple Diffusion

Pass through cell membrane without needing any assistance or energy (independent)

Facilitated Diffusion

Complex Molecules (proteins) that has bigger openings to allow entry and exit of certain substance or molecule

Osmosis

Just a diffusion of water, across a semi-permeable membrane

Osmosis, Facilitated and Simple Diffusion

What are high to low concentration?

Hypertonic

More solute, less water

Hypotonic

Less solute, more water

Isotonic

Equal solute, equal water

Concentration of water

Direction of osmosis is determined by comparing total solute concentrations

Managing water balance

Cell survival depends on Balancing water uptake and loss

Photon

The basic unit of life, is used to generate a proton gradient through a process similar to that found in electrochemical gradients

Primary Active Transport

Uses energy and from low concentration to high concentration

ATPases

Enzymes catalyzing ATP driven primary active transport

Secondary Active Transport

Moved from low concentration to high concentration at the expense of energy

Independent of direct ATP coupling

Symporter or antiporter

Secondary active trasport is classified as either… ?

Bulk Transport

The movement of many molecules into (endocytosis) or out of (exocytosis) the cell in membrane-bound vesicle.

Endocytosis

Moves material into a cell from the environment

Exocytosis

Moves large molecules from the inside to the outside of the cell

BONUS INFO

endo = internal

cytosis = transport mechanism

Phagocytosis

(literally, “cell eating”) is a form of endocytosis in which large particles, such as cells or cellular debris, are transported into the cell

Pinocytosis

(literally, “cell drinking”) is a form of endocytosis in which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid.

BONUS INFO

Exo = external

Cytosis = transport mechanism

RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule