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CELLS
Phosphate head
hydrophilic (attracted to water)
FATTY ACID TAILS
Hydrophobic (repelled by water)
Cell Membrane
selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others
AQUAPORIN
water channel in bacteria
conformational change
protein changes shape
AQUAPORINS
Water move rapidly into and out of cells
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
proteins that are embedded or attached in the cell membrane. They act as the cell's gatekeeper and communication receptors
Integral Proteins and Peripheral Proteins
What are the 2 membrane proteins?
INTEGRAL PROTEINS
Proteins that embedded within the phospholipids bilayer within the entire membrane
Transmembrane or partially embedded
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
Proteins that are loosely attached to the cell membrane’s surface
Passive and active transport
What are the 2 types of cellular transport
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
the movement of materials into and out of the cell WITHOUT the use of energy
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Movement of materials into and out of the cell with the use of energy
TRANSPORT MECHANISM
refer to the various ways molecules move across biological membranes such as the cell membrane.
These processes are important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function
HOMEOSTASIS
process by which organisms maintain a stable internal and external environment
Adenosine triphosphate
What does ATP means?
Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis
What are the types of passive transport?
Diffusion
2nd Law of thermodynamics governs biological systems
Concentration becomes equal throughout a space
Simple Diffusion
Pass through cell membrane without needing any assistance or energy (independent)
Facilitated Diffusion
Complex Molecules (proteins) that has bigger openings to allow entry and exit of certain substance or molecule
Osmosis
Just a diffusion of water, across a semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis, Facilitated and Simple Diffusion
What are high to low concentration?
Hypertonic
More solute, less water
Hypotonic
Less solute, more water
Isotonic
Equal solute, equal water
Concentration of water
Direction of osmosis is determined by comparing total solute concentrations
Managing water balance
Cell survival depends on Balancing water uptake and loss
Photon
The basic unit of life, is used to generate a proton gradient through a process similar to that found in electrochemical gradients
Primary Active Transport
Uses energy and from low concentration to high concentration
ATPases
Enzymes catalyzing ATP driven primary active transport
Secondary Active Transport
Moved from low concentration to high concentration at the expense of energy
Independent of direct ATP coupling
Symporter or antiporter
Secondary active trasport is classified as either… ?
Bulk Transport
The movement of many molecules into (endocytosis) or out of (exocytosis) the cell in membrane-bound vesicle.
Endocytosis
Moves material into a cell from the environment
Exocytosis
Moves large molecules from the inside to the outside of the cell
BONUS INFO
endo = internal
cytosis = transport mechanism
Phagocytosis
(literally, “cell eating”) is a form of endocytosis in which large particles, such as cells or cellular debris, are transported into the cell
Pinocytosis
(literally, “cell drinking”) is a form of endocytosis in which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid.
BONUS INFO
Exo = external
Cytosis = transport mechanism
RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule
