Gymnosperms: Vascular Plants With Seeds

General Botany EXAM 5

The worlds oldest living organism is the ________

bristlecone

Gymnosperms have ______ seeds, no ______ or fruit

naked

carpel

Gymnosperms

With _______ and _____, typically with ______, but lack vessels, except Gnetophyta

xylem

phloem

tracheids

Gnetophyta

Gymnosperms

Heterosporous:

micro and megaspores

Gymnosperms

With _____ grains, pollen ______ and pollination

pollen

tubes

Gymnosperms

Polyembryony:

more than one egg may be fertilized since there are more than one archegonium and several embryos may develop

Gymnosperms

The Megasporocyte is within the _______ which divides by meiosis

megasporangium

Gymnosperms

After the megasporocyte divides 3 _______ degenerate, 1 survives and forms the female ___________ which contains the ______

megaspores

megagametophyte

archegonia

Gymnosperms

Most gymnosperms are _____ ________

wind pollinated

Gymnosperms

The pollen grains are transferred to the vicinity of a female cone where the ovule containing the ________with ________ and _______

megagametophyte

megasporangium

archegonia

Gymnosperms

Some gymnosperms are pollinated by ________

insects

Gymnosperms

Microgametophytes with no _______; forming within the __________

antheridia

microsporangia

Gymnosperms

Heterospory: Megaspores

All seed plants are _________

Heterosporous

Gymnosperms

Heterospory: Megaspores

Microspores are within the _________

Microsporangia

Gymnosperms

Heterospory: Megaspores

Megaspores are within the _______

Megasporangium

Gymnosperms

Heterospory: Megaspores

The _______ carries the megaspore mother cell

ovule

Gymnosperms

Heterospory: Megaspores

Another name for the ovule:

Integument nucellus or megasporangium

Gymnosperms

Heterospory: Megaspores

Another name for the megaspore mother cell

Megasporocyte

Gymnosperms

Heterospory: Megaspores

The megasporocyte undergoes meiosis and the megagametophyte that is produced contains ______ and one ______

archegonia

egg

Gymnosperms

Phylum Coniferophyta:

The conifers

Gymnosperms

Conifers:

pines, spruces, firs, hemlocks, cedars, redwoods

Gymnosperms

Phylum Ginkgophyta: (species)

Ginkgo biloba

Gymnosperms

Phylum Cycadophyta:

Cycads

Gymnosperms

Phylum Gnetophyta:

extant sister group to angiosperms

Phylum Coniferophyta

How many genera

70 genera

Phylum Coniferophyta

How many species?

630 species

Phylum Coniferophyta

Large _______ value

commercial

Phylum Coniferophyta

______-_____ leaves, sometimes _____-_____

needle-like

scale-like

Phylum Coniferophyta

Many leaves are _______ resistant

drought

Phylum Coniferophyta

Contains _______ - antiseptic - inhibits fungi

resins

Phylum Coniferophyta

Needles may be in ______ or ______

fascicles

singly

Phylum Coniferophyta

Pines have _____ type needles

fascicles

Phylum Coniferophyta

Spruces, Firs, and Yews have ______ type needles

single

Phylum Coniferophyta

____ _____ due to lack of vessels; have only _______

soft wood

tracheids

Phylum Coniferophyta

______ _pollinated

wind

Phylum Coniferophyta

Seeds are wind pollinated because the pollen has two _______-_____ wings

bladder-shaped

Phylum Coniferophyta

Most are _______

evergreens

Phylum Coniferophyta

What are the 3 types of families?

Pinaceae

Cupressaceae

Taxaceae

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Leaves are born ______ or in _______

single

fascicles

Phylum Coniferophyta

Pinaceae

Types:

Pinus

Hemlock

Fir

Spruce

Larches

Phylum Coniferophyta

Cupressaceae

Leaves _____-_____

scale like

Phylum Coniferophyta

Cupressaceae

Types:

Arborvitae

Juniper

Cupressus

Sequoia

Bold Cypress

Phylum Coniferophyta

Taxaceae

_____ needles born _____ and ______ arranged

Flat

Singly

Spirally

Phylum Coniferophyta

Taxaceae

Types:

Yews

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

How many species of Pinus are there?

100 species

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

______ (female and male cones present in same individual)

Monoecious

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Older leaves in _____, in a specific number per ______

fascicles

fascicle

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Fascicles wrapped in ___-___ short _____

scale-like

shoots

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Needles are adapted to ______ conditions

drought

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Most leaves live ______ years

2-4

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Stem Anatomy

Woody plants, thus with _____ _____, _____ ______, and _____ _______

vascular cambium

secondary xylem

secondary phloem

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Secondary xylem with ______ but no _______

tracheids

vessels

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

_______ parenchymatic rays

Uniseriate

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Rays:

radial transportation of water and nutrients

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

_____ ducts

resin

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Leaf with thick _____ to reduce ________

cuticle

evaporation

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

_______ with hick-walled cells

Hypodermis

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

____ ______ on lower surface

Sunken stomata

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

_______ mesophyll

parenchymatic

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Cells with ____ to increase surface area with ____ ______

ridges

resin canals

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

_______ vascular bundles made of xylem and phloem

1-2

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

_______ between transfusion tissue and mesophyll

Endodermis

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Vascular tissue surrounded by _______ tissue composed of ______ cells and short non-living _______

transfusion

tracheids

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Transfusion tissue may conduct materials between ____ and _____ _____

mesophyll

vascular bundles

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

_______ around transfusion tissue

endodermis

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

______ are contained in the male cones

Sporangia

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Male Cones (_______)

microstrobili

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Female Cones: (________)

Megastrobili

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Which cones are larger male or female?

female

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Microsporangia and Megasporangia are subtended by spirally arranged _______

sporophylls

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

There are two sporangia per ________

microsporophyll

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Microsporangia contain _______

microsporocytes

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Microsporogenesis

Microsporocytes undergo ______

meiosis

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Microsporogenesis

Meiosis results in ___ functional microspores

four

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Microsporogenesis

Microspores mitotically divide within the microsporangium to form _____ _____ _____

immature

male

gametophyte

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Male Gametophyte: Pollen Grain

Each haploid microspore undergoes mitosis twice generating four cells:

One Generative Cell

Two Prothallial Cells

One Tube Cell

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Male Gametophyte: Pollen Grain

Pollen is typically ______

winged

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Male Gametophyte: Pollen Grain

Within microgametophyte generative cell divides into _____ cell and _______ cell

sterile

spermatogenesis

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Male Gametophyte: Pollen Grain

Spermatogenesis:

The body cell divides producing two sperm cells

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Male Gametophyte: Pollen Grain

Mature Microgametophyte with 6 cells:

2 Prothalial Cells

2 Sperm Cells

One Stalk Cell

One Tube Cell

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Seed Cone: Megastrobilus

More complex than ____ cones

pollen

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Seed Cone: Megastrobilus

With ____ _____ subtending ______ scale

bract scales

ovuliferous

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Seed Cone: Megastrobilus

_____ Cone

Compound

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Seed Cone: Megastrobilus

Ovuliferous scale is considered a ______ ________

modified stem

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Seed Cone: Megastrobilus

Each cone consists of a cone ____ with _____

axis

scales

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Reproduction

Seed bearing ________ scale

Ovuliferous

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Reproduction

A highly specialized ______ derived from a ____ ______

megasporophyll

dwarf

shoots

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Reproduction

The ovuliferous scale bears __ _______ and is subtended by the _____ bract

two ovules

sterile

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Reproduction

Female strobili (_________)

megastrobili

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Reproduction

Male Strobili (________)

Microstrobili

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Reproduction

Is the female or male strobili larger?

female

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Reproduction

The female strobili is usually at the top of the _____, above the _______

tree

microstrobili

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Reproduction

The ovuliferous scale becomes _____ after pollination

woody

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Megasporogenesis

Meiosis of megasporocyte occurs within the _____ within ovule

megasporangium

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Megasporogenesis

Ovule =

integument + nucellus and megasporocyte

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Megasporogenesis

The nucellus eventually becomes a _______ tissue for developing embryo

nutritive

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Megasporogenesis

Megaspore divides mitotically within ovule and grows into:

multicellular female gametophyte that forms the reproductive archegonium. Egg within archegonium

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Pollination:

transfer of pollen from microsporangium to micropyle of ovule and pollination droplet of ovule, which retracts and carries the pollen into ovule.

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Pollination
Pollen grain goes through _____ ____ and reaches the _____; it continues its way to the _______

pollen chamber

nucellus

archegonium

Phylum Coniferophyta

Family Pinaceae

Pollination

More than one ____ so multiple pollen grains can land and fertilize more than one egg

archegonium