haha sometimes

COPD

A progressive disease that makes breathing more difficult; symptoms include cough, infections, dyspnea, wheezing, and fatigue.

Emphysema

A lung disease involving destruction of alveolar walls and difficulty breathing.

Asthma

Inflammation of the bronchioles causing cough, dyspnea, chest pain, and wheezing.

Cystic fibrosis

A recessive genetic disease causing mucus buildup in the lungs; can cause infections, weight loss, cough, and bowel abnormalities.

Pneumonia

Inflammation and fluid in the lungs, causing cough, dyspnea, chills, and fever.

Where does gas exchange occur?

In the alveoli.

What happens during inhalation?

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract; the diaphragm moves downward and air enters the lungs.

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

It relaxes and moves upward.

What are bronchioles?

Smaller branches of the bronchi that lead toward the alveoli.

What is internal respiration?

Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body.

What is cellular respiration?

The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes.

What is surfactant?

A lipoprotein that reduces surface tension in the alveoli and helps prevent their collapse.

What is residual volume?

The air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation.

What is vital capacity?

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest possible breath.

What controls the basic rhythm of breathing?

The dorsal respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center.

How is most oxygen transported in blood?

As oxyhemoglobin.

How is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?

As bicarbonate ions.

What are powerful stimuli for breathing?

Low pH and high CO₂.

What is normal atmospheric pressure?

About 760 mmHg.

What is diarrhea?

Watery feces, usually caused by bacteria or viruses.

What are peptic ulcers?

Sores in the lining of the stomach.

What is lactose intolerance?

Inability to digest the sugar lactose.

What is hepatitis?

Inflammation of the liver caused by infectious viruses or noninfectious agents.

What is appendicitis?

Inflammation of the appendix.

What is the correct path of food through the digestive system?

Mouth → esophagus → stomach → duodenum → small intestine → colon → rectum/anus.

What does amylase do?

Begins digestion of starch/carbohydrates.

What does pepsin do?

Breaks down proteins in the stomach.

What protects the stomach from its acid?

A thick layer of mucus.

What does bile do?

Emulsifies fats.

What does lipase break down?

Lipids/fats.

What does trypsin break down?

Proteins.

What are villi?

Small projections in the small intestine that increase absorption surface area.

What is mastication?

Chewing.

What is the pyloric valve/sphincter?

The structure controlling passage of stomach contents into the duodenum.

What cells secrete gastric enzymes?

Chief cells.

What is pepsinogen?

An inactive precursor that becomes pepsin.

What does secretin cause the pancreas to produce?

Secretions rich in bicarbonate.

What does the liver store for energy?

Glycogen.

What duct receives fluid directly from the gallbladder?

The cystic duct.

What forms the common bile duct?

The hepatic/common hepatic and cystic ducts.

What is the greater omentum?

A membrane that hangs like an apron over the intestines.

Where does most nutrient absorption occur?

The jejunum.

What causes diarrhea in a rapid peristaltic rush?

Insufficient water absorption in the colon.

What does the soft palate do during swallowing?

Closes off the nasal cavity.

What initiates the swallowing reflex?

Sensory receptors detecting the bolus in the pharynx.

What are rugae?

Folds in the stomach that increase its surface area.

What is anaphylaxis?

A rapid, immediate hypersensitivity reaction upon re-exposure to an antigen.

What is multiple sclerosis?

A disease that attacks the myelin cells insulating nerve fibers.

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

An autoimmune inflammatory joint disease involving destruction of the synovial membrane.

What is Graves' disease?

An immune disorder causing overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism).

What is Hashimoto thyroiditis?

An autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation and eventual failure of the thyroid gland.

What is AIDS?

A syndrome involving opportunistic infections, low CD4 cells, and HIV.

What is urticaria?

An allergic skin reaction characterized by welts and itchiness.

What are the three types of T cells?

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells.

What do helper T cells do?

Activate other parts of adaptive immunity.

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

Kill virally infected cells and tumors.

What do regulatory T cells do?

Suppress immune responses, helping maintain homeostasis and self-tolerance.

What is opsonization?

Increasing binding sites on a microbe to make it easier to phagocytize.

What is an opsonin?

A protein, such as complement or an antibody, that coats microbes.

What is the membrane attack complex?

A pore formed in a pathogen's membrane by complement.

What is ADCC?

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

What is histamine?

A major signal for the inflammatory response, released by mast cells.

What is acute inflammation?

Beneficial, short-term inflammation.

What is chronic inflammation?

Long-lasting inflammation that may result from improper control of the inflammatory response.

What is perforin?

A substance released by NK cells that creates holes in target-cell membranes.

What is granzyme?

A substance released by NK cells that helps cause target cells to die.

What are memory cells important for?

A faster response when exposed to the same pathogen again and longer survival than effector B and T cells.

What is herd immunity?

When a high percentage of people are vaccinated, helping protect people who aren't vaccinated; especially important for people who cannot be vaccinated.

What is the largest lymphatic organ in a child?

The thymus.

What does the red pulp of the spleen do?

Phagocytizes senescent cells.

What does the white pulp of the spleen do?

Produces lymphocytes.

What is species resistance?

The reason humans generally cannot contract diseases specific to another species.

What type of immunity is a vaccine?

Artificially acquired active immunity.

What is an example of artificially acquired passive immunity?

Gamma globulin.

What is naturally acquired passive immunity?

Immunity transferred through the placenta.

Which cells cause symptoms of an immediate allergic reaction?

Mast cells.

A patient has dry skin and a lump in the neck. What thyroid disease is indicated?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

What hormone pattern is associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the packet?

Low T3, low T4, and high TSH.

What is one treatment for Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

Levothyroxine.

What condition can cause difficulty digesting breast milk but improve with soy-based formula?

Primary congenital lactose intolerance.

What organ is primarily affected by hepatitis?

The liver.

What type of hepatitis is associated with contaminated food/water and shellfish in this packet?

Hepatitis A.

How can hepatitis A be prevented?

Vaccination, hand washing, and avoiding raw shellfish.