axial skeleton and cns (6/26)

2 parts of the skull

neurocranium and viscerocranium

how many bones in the neurocranium

8

purpose of neurocranium

protects the brain

bones in neurocranium

frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

how are most bones in neurocranium connected

sutures - fibrous joints

what are sutures

fibrous immovable joints of the skull

what does coronal suture connect

frontal and parietal bones

what does sagittal suture connect

2 parietal bones

what does squamous suture connect

temporal and parietal bones

what does lambdoid suture connect

parietal and occipital bones

which suture connects frontal and parietal bones

coronal

which suture connects parietal bones

sagittal

which suture connects temporal to parietal bones

squamous

which suture connects occipital to parietal bones

lambdoid

how many bones in viscerocranium

14

purpose of viscerocranium

form the anteroinferior portion of the skull

bones of viscerocranium

zygomatic (2)

nasal (2)

vomer (1)

inferior nasal concha (2)

lacrimal (2)

maxilla (2)

palatine (2)

name of skull cap

calvaria

upon removing the calvaria (skull cap), what is present, name them

floor of cranial cavity, 3 depressions/fossae, anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae

what does anterior cranial fossa support

frontal lobes

what does middle cranial fossa support

temporal lobes

what does posterior cranial fossa support

cerebellum and brainstem

which fossa supports frontal lobes

anterior cranial fossa

which fossa supports temporal lobes

middle cranial fossa

which fossa supports cerebellum and brain stem

posterior cranial fossa

main movements in cervical region

flexion/extension, lateral flexion, minimal rotation (below C2)

main movements in thoracic region

rotation, minimal lateral flexion, minimal flexion/extension

main movements in lumbar region

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, minimal rotation

intervertebral discs consist of what 2 components

anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

what length do IV discs run

C2-S1

name of joints of vertebral bodies

IV discs

center of IV discs

nucleus pulpous

outer ring of IV discs

anulus fibrosus

anterior longitudinal ligament runs from what to what and describe its size

occipital bone to sacrum, 3x size of PLL

what does anterior longitudinal ligament prevent

extension of vertebral column

posterior longitudinal ligament runs from what to what, describe size

sacrum to C2, then becomes tectorial membrane, 1/3 size of ALL

what does posterior longitudinal ligament prevent

flexion of vertebral column

what does posterior longitudinal ligament become after C2

tectorial membrane

name the joint of the vertebral arch

zygapophysial joint

what does zygapophysial joint connect

adjacent superior and inferior articular processes

classify the zygapophysial joints

synovial, plane

what dictates the movement of the vertebral region

orientation of the articular processes

5 accessory ligaments of the vertebral column

ligamentem flava, intertransverse ligament, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, nuchal ligament

what does ligamentum flava connect

lamina to lamina

what does ligamentum flava limit

flexion of vertebral column

what does intertransverse ligament connect

adjacent transverse processes

what does interspinous ligament connect

adjacent spinous processes

what does supraspinous ligament connect

tips of spinous processes from C7-sacrum

what does supraspinous ligament become in the neck region

nuchal ligament

which of these 3 are strong - intertransverse, interspinous, and supraspinous ligament

supraspinous ligament

the nuchal ligament connects

C7-external occipital protuberance

nuchal ligament is a continuation of

supraspinous ligament

what does nuchal ligament limit

cervical flexion

nuchal ligament is the site of ____ attachment

muscle

what is the atlanto-occipital joint between

occipital condyles and superior articular surface of atlas

classify the atlanto-occipital joint

synovial condyloid

what motion does atlanto-occipital joint allow

yes, flexion/extension

atlanto-occipital joints have what 2 (4) reinforcements

anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes and 2 joints capsules (each side)

3 articulations of atlanto-axial joint

lateral joints (2) and medial joint (1)

where are the lateral joints in the atlanto-axial joint (what they connect)

between inferior articular surfaces (facets) of C1 and superior articular surfaces (facets) of C2

classify the lateral joints of the atlanto-axial joint

synovial, plane joint

what does the median joint of the atlanto-axial joint connect

dens of C2 and anterior arch of C1

classify the median joint of the atlanto-axial joint

synovial pivot joint

main movement of atlanto-axial joint

rotation of axis

3 main ligaments for atlanto-axial joint

cruciate ligament (longitudinal bands and transverse ligament), alar ligaments, tectorial membrane

what does transverse ligament of atlas do

maintain position of dens against C1

what are the 3 parts of the cruciate ligament

superior longitudinal band, transverse ligament of atlas, inferior longitudinal band

what do alar ligaments connect

dens to occipital condyles

what does tectorial membrane ligament connect

body of C2 to foramen magnum (superior part --- occipital bone)

superior termination of posterior longitudinal ligament

tectorial membrane

tectorial membrane is continuation of

posterior longitudinal ligament

brain 3 parts

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

brainstem parts

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

where are the gyri and sulci on the brain

cerebrum

name of folds/involutions in brain and name of space between them

folds/involutions - sulci, space - gyri

deeper involutions (space) on cerebrum

fissure

4 lobes of cerebrum

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

where does internal carotid a enter cranial cavity

carotid canal

before supplying the cerebrum, what does the internal carotid a give off and what does it do

ophthalmic a, supplies the eye

branches of internal carotid a

anterior cerebral aa.

middle cerebral aa.

anterior communicating a.

posterior communicating a.

anterior communicating a connects

the two anterior cerebral arteries

posterior communicating a connects

internal carotid a. and posterior cerebral a.

where does vertebral a travel through

transverse foramina of C1-6 vertebrae

how does vertebral a enter cranial cavity

foramen magnum

basilar a is formed by the union of

the 2 vertebral arteries

the 2 vertebral arteries form

basilar artery

posterior cerebral artery is the terminal branch of the ____

basilar artery

how is posterior cerebral artery connected to the ICA

posterior communicating a

5 branches of circle of willis

anterior communicating a

anterior cerebral aa

internal carotid aa

posterior communicating aa

posterior cerebral aa

where does spinal cord span

foramen magnum to L1/L2

where does spinal cord enlarge

cervical and lumbar regions

how many pairs of spinal nerves

31

numbers of spinal nerves by level

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

cervical nerves are named for the ____ of the vertebrae they exit _____

pedicle, above

all other nerves (other than cervical) are named for the vertebrae they exit ____ (T1 - Co1)

below

how does the spinal cord taper and where

L1/2 vertebrae, as the conus medullaris

what extends from the conus medullaris

filum terminale

what is the filum terminale made of

pia mater

what attaches conus medullaris to coccyx

filum terminale

nerve roots for spinal nerves below the conus medullaris

cauda equina