Chapter 4 Heath Test

Pathogen

A bacterium, virus and other microorganisms that cause disease (Ex: E.coli)

communicable disease

A disease that can spread from person to person or, to different species (Ex: Influenza)

vector

An organism that spreads and transmits a disease (a carrier of disease) (Ex: Dog, mosquito, bat)

opportunistic infection

An infection that usually occurs after the immune system has already been weakened (Ex: Surgical Site Infection)

nosocomial disease

An infection acquired in a hospital or other healthcare facility that was not present at the time of admission (Ex: pneumonia)

antibodies

proteins that your body builds up as your immune system is exposed to different illnesses, which can help strengthen your immune response to those illnesses (Ex: COVID-19 antibody)

antigens

proteins that trigger an immune response, causing antibodies to be produced and fight them. Example of antigens are A antigens on red blood cells for people who have blood type A

autoimmune disease

a condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues and organs. (Ex: Multiple Sclerosis)

lymphatic system

Important part of the immune system that keeps body fluids in balance and defends the body against infections (organs in this system include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils)

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart (ex: pulmonary artery, aorta)

veins

blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart (ex: inferior and superior vena cava)

white blood cells

Blood cells that protect the body from infections and disease (Ex: cells defined below)

neutrophils

First line of defense against infection, primarily bacterial

basophils

A type of white blood cell that plays a key role in immune response, triggering of immune reactions, and the defense against parasites.

Eosinophils

Fights parasites and allergic reactions

monocytes

Turns into dendritic & macrophages to fight infections

lymphocytes

white blood cells that help the body fight off disease and infections.

memory cells

an immune cell that remembers specific pathogens so the body can mount a quicker and stronger immune response if the same pathogen is encountered again (Ex. Memory T cell: directly fights infected cells or coordinate immune response)

damaged brain cells

can lead to cell death, inflammation, or loss of functions like speech or movement

stroke

Blood flow to the brain is interrupted by blood clots that cause a lack of oxygen to the brain and cause cell damage

Lyme Disease

• caused by the bite of a particular species of tick that carries the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.

• Symptoms:

  • a local skin lesion,

  • Fatigue

  • Fever

  • Headache

  • Stiff neck

  • Malaise

• treatment: antibiotics

Mononucleosis

• an infectious disease common in young adults caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.

• In adults, mono produces:

  • fatigue

  • fever

  • swollen lymph glands

• treatment is rest and symptoms will disappear in 1-2 weeks. avoid strenous activity for 1-2 months to protect the spleen

Hepatitis

• Serious liver disease that can be caused by environmental agents such as excess alcohol consumption, exposure to pesticides, and drugs.

• symptoms depend on the type. For A:

  • Jaundice

  • Stomach pains

  • Diarrhea

• Possible treatments: rest, antiviral medications, liver transplants

HIV

• caused by a virus and can spread through sexual fluids contact, shared needles, and contact with infected blood.

• signs start with flu-like symptoms and progresses to more severe symptoms and AIDS

• treatment involves daily drugs as there is no vaccine

Colds

• caused by HRV

• no medicine to prevent a cold but there are medicines to help you fight it

influeza

• more serious disease

• the symptoms of flu are body aches, high fever, and loss of appetite

• different strands every year

Avian Flu Epidemic

• Circulating among birds in Aoutheast Asia, Europe and Africa in both domestic and wild birds.

• Mostly contracted by handling or eating a bird that is infected.

ulcers

• Stomach ulcers have caused much controversy as to whether they are caused by behavioral or environmental factors.

• Treatment includes prescription antacids and other drugs.

four ways of fighting infectious diseases

sanitation, treatment, vaccination, and healthful living.

ways to protect yourself from disease

• good hygiene

• vaccinations

• clean surfaces

• avoid sharing things with people

• healthy lifestyle (sleep, exercise, diet…)

etiology

the cause or origin of a disease or disorder, encompassing the factors and processes that lead to its development, as well as the scientific study of these causes

4 types of cancer

carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas

carinomas

cancer of epithelial tissues, skin, nerves, breasts

sarcomas

cancers of connective tissues, bone, muscles, fat, and blood vessels

leukemias

cancers of organs and tissues that form blood cells

lymphomas

cancer of the lymph nodes

causes of cancers

• rare but can be genetic

• contributing environmental factors:

  • Ionizing Radiation

  • Infectious Mircoorgansims

  • Chemical Carcinogens

tumor

develops when a normal body cell grows abnormally and reproduces too rapidly.

benign tumor

do not spread to other parts of the body.

malignant tumor

composed of cells that multiply rapidly, have abnormal properties, and invade other normal tissue (most undergo metastasis)

metastasis

a process where the cells detach from the original tumor, enter the lymphatic system and bloodstream, and are carried to other organs

treatment for cancer

• Surgery to remove the tumor

• Radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells

• Chemotherapy, or the use of toxic chemicals (drugs) to kill cancer cells

stage I

Cancer cells can be distinguished from normal cells.

Stage II

Cancer cells begin to metastasize and may migrate to nearby lymph nodes.

Stage III

Cancer cells have spread throughout the body and tumors may have started to grow in other organs.

Stage IV

Often a terminal stage; tumors are found throughout the body and usually are resistant to treatment.

lung cancer

• causes more deaths than any other form of cancer does.

• could almost be completely prevented if people would stop (or never start) smoking.

  • Main cause of 80-90% of lung cancers

heart attack

If the coronary arteries (large blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart) become diseased or blocked

infarction

If the heart does not receive a continual supply of blood and oxygen, the heart cells die.

ischemia

This occurs when the blood supply to the heart is only partially blocked.

arteries

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to all organs and tissues in the body

veins

Return blood to the heart after oxygen and nutrients have been exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste products

risk factors of CVD

• Smoking

• Overweight and Diabetes Mellitus

• Hypertension

• Hypercholesterolemia

systolic pressure

the maximum pressure in the arteries that occurs when the heart contracts

diastolic pressure

the pressure between contractions, when the pressure falls as blood flows from one chamber to another

preventing CVD

• Reduce weight

• Reduce consumption of foods with saturated fats

• Eat a lot of fruits and vegetables

• Take supplements

• Don't smoke

• Be active

uncontrollable factors

age, sex, family history, and race

controllable factors

diet, exercise, smoking, managing blood pressure/cholesterol/diabetes, weight, stress, and sleep

cause of CVD

atherosclerosis

atherosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries by the formation of plaque. If the coronary artery is blocked completely, a heart attack occurs.