RSRCH MTHDS CH 1 TERMS

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24 Terms

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causal

implying causality; a central focus of this book is on theories about “causal” relationships

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correlation

a statistical measure of covariation which summarizes the direction (positive or negative) and strength of the linear relationship between two variables

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covary

when two variables vary together, they are said to “covary;” the term “covariation” is used to describe circumstances in which two variables covary

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data

a collection of variable values for at least two observations

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dependent variable

a variable for which at least some of the variation is theorized to be caused by one or more independent variables

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empirical

based on real-world observation

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hypothesis

a theory-based statement about what we would expect to observe if our theory is correct a hypothesis is a more explicit statement of a theory in terms of the expected relationship between a measure of the independent variable and a measure of the dependent variable

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hypothesis testing

the act of evaluating empirical evidence in order to determine the level of support for the hypothesis versus the null hypothesis

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independent variable

a variable that is theorized to cause variation in the dependent variable

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measure

a process by which abstract concepts are turned into realworld observations

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negative relationship

higher values of the independent variable tend to coincide with lower values of the dependent variable

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normal science

scientific research that is carried out under the shared set of assumptions and accepted theories of a paradigm

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normative statements

statements about how the world ought to be

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null hypothesis

a theory-based statement about what we would observe if there were no relationship between an independent variable and the dependent variable

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operationalize

another word for measurement; when a variable moves from the concept level in a theory to the real-world measure for a hypothesis test, it has been operationalized

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paradigm

a shared set of assumptions and accepted theories in a particular scientific field

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paradigm shift

when new findings challenge the conventional wisdom of a paradigm to the point where the set of shared assumptions and accepted theories in a scientific field is redefined

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parsimonious

synonym for simple or succinct

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positive relationship

higher values of the independent variable tend to coincide with higher values of the dependent variable

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theoretical model

the combination of independent variables, the dependent variable, and the causal relationships that are theorized to exist between them

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theory

a tentative conjecture about the causes of some phenomenon of interest

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variable

a definable quantity that can take on two or more values

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variable label

the label used to describe a particular variable

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variable values

the values that a particular variable can take on