4.2.1 alcohols

___ group is resposible from the physical and chemical properties

hydroxyl

used as fuel because of efficient combustion and it used as the starting material for polymers, paints, solvents, insulation, adhesives

methanol

used in alcoholic drinks, fuel, solvent and feedstock

ethanol

-alkanes are non-polar as the electronegativity of C-H, weak intermolecular forces
-alcohols are polar as the electronegativity of O-H, weak intermolecular forces
-alcohols have hydrogen bonds which need more energy to be overcome
-so alcohols have a lower _____ than the alkanes with the same number of carbons

volatility

-alcohols have hydrogen bonds so it water-soluble
-H bond forms between the OH group and water
-as the chain size increases, the influence of the OH group become smaller to the solubility ____

decreases

-length of hydrocarbon chain increases
-more points of contact
-London forces increase
-_____ boiling point

higher

-more branching
-decreases London forces
-less energy to overcome the forces
- _____ boiling point

decreases

-more OH groups
-more hydrogen bonding
-more energy needed to overcome them
- _____ boiling point

increases

the OH groups is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to 1 or 0 alkyl

primary alcohols

the OH groups is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to 2 alkyl

secondary alcohols

the OH groups is attached to a carbon atom that it attached to 3 alkyl

tertiary alcohols

alcohol + oxygen

carbon dioxide + water

oxidation of alcohols requires an

oxidsing agent

primary alcohol can be oxidised by an oxidising agent to form ___

aldehydes

-primary alcohol is heated under reflux, with an excess of acidified potassium dichromate produces _

carboxylic acid

secondary alcohols can be oxidised by an oxidising agent to form _

ketones

tertiary alcohols do ___undergo oxidation reactions

not

alcohol, heated under reflux in an acid catalyst

alkene + water

alcohol + hydrogen halide (under reflux with sulfuric acid and a sodium halide)

haloalkanes + water