Urbanization & Immigration Overview

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture notes on urbanization and immigration during the late 19th century in America.

What is urban sprawl?

Rapid outward expansion of city boundaries.

What were the push factors for immigration during the late 19th century?

Poverty, overcrowding, unemployment, religious persecution, and political turmoil in home countries.

What were the pull factors for immigrants coming to the U.S.?

Political and religious freedom, economic opportunities, advances in steamship technology and cheaper passage.

What are tenements?

Crowded housing units with shared bathrooms and limited ventilation, often depicted in Jacob Riis’s work.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

The first federal law to bar a specific ethnic group from entering the U.S.

What did 'urban reform' address in relation to labor issues?

Calls for improvements to overcrowded living conditions and better working hours.

Who was Frederick Law Olmsted?

The Father of Landscape Architecture known for designing Central Park.

What does the phrase 'form follows function' refer to?

A principle in architecture pioneered by Louis Sullivan emphasizing functional design.

What were some characteristics of ethnic neighborhoods?

Self-contained districts preserving cultural institutions like churches and schools.

What movement applied Christian ethics to improve society?

The Social Gospel movement.

What is American Realism?

A late-19th-century literary and artistic movement depicting gritty urban life and themes of poverty and immigrant struggles.

Who engineered the Brooklyn Bridge?

John A. Roebling.

What innovations contributed to the rise of skyscrapers?

Mass-produced steel frames and functional design principles.

What impact did industrial efficiency have on leisure time?

It expanded leisure time, leading to the growth of entertainment like circuses and amusement parks.

What was the significance of Ellis Island opening in 1892?

It served as a processing center for millions of immigrants, entailing medical exams and immigration fees.

What was the primary language of old immigrants during 1840-1880?

Primarily English.

What types of music expanded during the late 19th century American culture?

Genres like ragtime, orchestras, and live performances.