AP BIO: Element of Life.

The study of compounds with covalently bonded carbon

Organic chemistry.

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

Organic compounds.

How many valence electrons does carbon have

4

How many bonds can carbon form

Up to 4

What type of bonds can carbon form

Single, double, or triple covalent bonds.

How many covalent bonds can a single carbon form?

4

What does the properties of carbon allow it do?

form long chains.

What is carbon most commonly found with?

Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

What affects the length of carbon chains and the shape of molecules?

The type and number of covalent bonds carbon formed.

What can carbon use its valence electrons for?

To form bonds to other carbons.

Covalent bonds link carbon into what?

Chains.

organic molecules consisting only of Carbon and Hydrogen

Hydrocarbons

What are hydrocarbons useful for?

Providing simple framework for more complex organic molecules

What do carbon chains do in most organic molecules?

Form their skeletons

What can carbon skeletons vary in?

Length, branching, double bond position, presence of rings.

many regions of cell’s organic molecules contain what?

Hydrocarbons.

Chemical groups attached to the carbon skeletons that participate in chemical rections

Functional groups

What is the hydroxyl group

-OH

What is the carbonyl group

C=O

What is the carboxyl group

COOH

What is the amino group

NH2

What is the sulfhydryl

SH

What is the methyl group

H-c-^H-H

What is the phosphate group

OPO3²-

What do variations in carbon skeletons allow for?

Molecular diversity

What are large molecules known as?

Macromolecules

What helps form macromolecules

Carbon

What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Lipids.

What is another element important for building proteins and nucleic acids besides carbon?

Nitrogen

What is another element important for building nucleic acids and some lipids?

Phosphorous

What do macromolecules not include?

True polymers and hydrolyzed molecules.

Chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units that are covalently bonded together

Polymers

The repeating units that make up polymers

Monomers.

What dehydration synthesis?

The bonding of two monomers with the loss of H2O

Describe the process of a dehydration reaction.

The -OH of one monomer bonds to the -H of another monomer forming H2O, which is then released.

What is the formula of a dehydration reaction

A+B→ AB+H2O

What is a hydrolysis reaction

The breaking of bonds in a polymer by adding H2O

Describe the process of hydrolysis

One +H of the H2O bonds to one monomer and the remaining -OH of the H2O attaches to the other monomer.

What does the combination of glucose and fructose equal?

Sucrose

What does the greek suffix lysis mean?

Splitting.

What is a carbohydrate?

Sugars and polymers of sugars.

What chemical groups are carbohydrates made up of?

Carbonyl group and hydroxyl group.

What element compose carbohydrates

C, H, and O

Simple one ring sugars.

Monosaccharides

What is the most common monosaccharide

Glucose

What is the purpose of Monosaccharides?

They provide nutrients and fuel for cells and are used in cellular respiration.

What is the molecular formula for carbohydrates.

CH2O

What can carbohydrates serve as?

Building blocks for amino acids, or as monomers for di and polysaccharides.

Two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds

Disacchardies

What is the most common disaccaride

Sucrose

How do plants transfer carbohydrates to from roots to leaves?

In the form of sucrose.

Polymer with many sugars joined via dehydration reactions.

Polysaccharides.

What is the storage polysaccharide for plants?

Starch

What is the animal storage polysaccharide?

Glycogen.

What is starch made up of?

Glucose monomers.

What is glycogen made up of?

Glucose

What is the purpose of starch?

Allows plants to store excess glucose for energy.

Where is glycogen stored?

Liver and muscle cells.

What is two glucose molecules bonded together?

Maltose

What are two structural polysaccharides?

Cellulose,Chitin

What is the purpose of cellulose?

Tough substance that forms plant and cell walls

What is the purpose of chitin?

Forms exoskeleton of arthropods.

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids.

What do two amino acids make?

A peptide.

What are multiple peptides bonded together?

A polypeptide.

What is it called when a polypeptide folds and forms a 3d shape.

A protein

Molecule consisting of polypeptides folded into a 3d shape.

Protein

What elements make up proteins?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur.

What determines the function of a protein

The shape.

What chemical groups make up amino acids?

Amino group and carboxyl group..

How many different amino acids are there?

20 different amino acids.

What does the R group cause?

Variance in the chain.

What does each amino have thats unique?

A unique side chain or R group.

What makes amino acids unique?

the side chains physical and chemical properties.

What are the 3 types of side chains?

Non polar, Polar, Charged/Ionic.

State the hdryphobic/hydrophilia of the 3 side chain.

Nonpolar: Hydrophoic, Polar: Hydrophilic, Charged/Ionic: Hydrophilic.

What do side chains determine?

The shape and function of the protein.

How do peptide bonds form?

The carboxyl group of one AA must be positioned next to the amino group of another AA, dehydration synthesis occurs and they are bonded.

Many AA linked by peptide bonds

Polypeptide

What end of a polypeptide has the free amino group

N-Terminus

Which end has the free carboxyl group?

C-Terminus.

What determines the 3d shape in a protein

The Sequence of polypeptides.

What is it called when a polypeptide twists and folds. (because of r group interaction)

Protein

What are the functions of proteins?

Antibody, Enzyme, Messenger, Structural, Transport/storage.

What kind of protein helps protect the body from disease

Antibody

What kind of protein carrys out chemical reactions or assists in creating new molecules?

Enzyme

What kind of protein transmits signals (i.e hormones)

Messenger

What kind of protein provides structure and support

Structural

What kind of protein binds to and carries small atoms and molecules through the body?

Transport/storage.

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Primary, Secondary Tertiary, Quaternary.

Linear chain of AA

Primary level.

What dictates the secondary and tertiary forms of proteins?

The primary form of the protein.

Coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide backbone

Secondary.

What causes secondary form?

hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide backbone.

Hydrogen bonds between polypeptide chains lying side by side

B pleated sheet.

Hydrogen bonding between every 4th AA.

A helix.

What are the two types of secondary forms?

B pleated sheet, A helixl.

3D folding due to interactions between side chains of AAs.

Tertiary

What causes tertiary level?

3D folding due to interactions between side chains of AAs.

What reinforces tertiary levels?

Hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges of side chains.