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Jimmy Carter

39th President of the United States (1977-1981); a Democrat known for his focus on human rights, energy policy, and the Camp David Accords, but faced economic troubles and the Iran Hostage Crisis.

Christian Fundamentalist

A religious movement that gained political influence in the 1970s, advocating for traditional values, opposition to abortion, and resisting the liberal changes of the decade.

Women's Rights: Betty Friedan and the ERA

Betty Friedan was a key feminist leader and author of The Feminine Mystique; she helped found NOW (National Organization for Women). The ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) aimed to guarantee equal rights for women but failed to be ratified.

Title IX

A 1972 federal law that prohibited gender discrimination in educational programs receiving federal funding, leading to increased opportunities for women in sports and education.

United Farm Workers and Cesar Chavez

A labor union formed by Cesar Chavez to fight for better working conditions and pay for farmworkers, especially Latino agricultural laborers, through nonviolent protest and boycotts.

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

A 1962 environmental science book that exposed the dangers of pesticides like DDT and helped spark the modern environmental movement.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A federal agency established in 1970 under President Nixon to regulate pollution, enforce environmental laws, and protect human health and the environment.

Love Canal

A neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, where toxic waste buried underground caused health problems and birth defects, highlighting the need for stricter environmental regulations.

Three Mile Island

A 1979 nuclear power plant accident in Pennsylvania that raised fears about nuclear energy safety and led to stronger regulation of the nuclear industry.

Invasion of Afghanistan and sanctions

In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, leading the U.S. to impose sanctions, boycott the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and increase Cold War tensions.

The Camp David Accords

A peace agreement brokered by President Carter in 1978 between Egypt and Israel, leading to Egypt recognizing Israel and ending decades of conflict.

The Iran Hostage Crisis

A 1979-1981 crisis where 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days after Iranian revolutionaries seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, severely damaging Carter's presidency.

Ayatollah Khomeini

The leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution who established a theocratic Islamic Republic and opposed Western influence, especially from the U.S.

The Election of 1980

A major political shift in which Republican Ronald Reagan defeated incumbent Jimmy Carter, signaling a conservative resurgence in American politics.