Rad Phys Midterm Review

In what year were x-rays discovered?

a. 1891

b. 1897

c. 1893

d. 1895

e. 1901

d. 1895

Match the person and the contribution to radiography:

Thomas Edison

William Coolidge

Gustave Bucky

Bertha Roentgen

Wurzburg University

Dartmouth College

Hollis E. Porter

Clarence Daly

Oscillating grid

1st radiation fatality

Fluoroscopy

Coolidge tube

1st radiographed for medical

Location of x-ray discovery

Location of 1st radiograph taken

Grid

Thomas Edison - Fluoroscopy

William Coolidge - Coolidge tube

Gustave Bucky - Grid

Bertha Roentgen - 1st radiographed for medical

Wursburg University - Location of x-ray discovery

Darthouth College - Location of 1st radiograph taken

Hollis E. Porter - Oscillating grid

Clarence Daly - 1st radiation fatality

Which of the following people won the first Nobel prize ever awarded in physics?

a. Roentgen

b. Potter

c. Bucky

d. Crookes

e. Edison

a. Roentgen

In which country were x-rays discovered?

a. Spain

b. Germany

c. France

d. England

e. Austria

b. Germany

What historical event culminated most of what we know about human responses to

radiation?

a. Marshall island

b. Chernobyl

c. Nagasaki and Fukishima

d. The Manhattan project

d. The Manhattan project

X-rays are characterized at a type of______ radiation?

a. Particulate

b. Atomic

c. Gravitational

d. Nuclear

e. Electromagnetic

e. Electromagnetic

The grayscale(number of shades of gray)present on radiographs is primarily based what radiographic factor?

a. Patient thickness

b. Generator type

c. Half value where

d. KVp

e. mAs

d. KVp

In x-ray production, the 'space charge' occurs on what side of the x-ray tube?

a. Cathode

b. Anode

a. Cathode

?If you reduce kVp by 5%, which of the following alterations to mAs should be made?

a. Increase mAs by 30%

b. Decrease mAs by 30%

c. Increase mAs by 50%

d. Do not change mAs

e. Decrease mAs by 50%

a. Increase mAs by 30%

As kVp increases the percentage of photoelectric effect interactions

_____.

a. No change

b. Decrease

c. Increase

b. Decrease

Which of the following distances is most related to the inverse square law?

a. SOD

b. OFD

c. FFD

c. FFD

An x-ray production which of the following types of rectification result in 60 pulses per second?

a. Half wave

b. High frequency

c. Full wave

d. Multiphase

a. Half wave

The __________ x-ray interaction with matter occurs at the lowest end of the spectrum of x ray energies in the beam and is the least abundant form of scatter?

a. Photoelectric effect

b. Compton

c. Per production

d. Raleigh

e. Photodisintegration

d. Raleigh

On what side of the tube is the actual focal spot?

a. Cathode

b. Anode

b. Anode

The _________ x-ray interaction with matter is most likely to occur with more dense material in the body?

a. Photoelectric effect

b. Compton

c. Per production

d. Chemical

e. Photodisintegration

a. Photoelectric effect

The line focus principle is most related to the_______?

a. Grid

b. X-ray production

c. Focal spot size

d. Half value layer

c. Focal spot size

What type of xray involves ionization?

a. Characteristic

b. Bremsstrahlung

a. Characteristic

What type of xray production has the most specific energy levels to the resultant x rays?

a. Bremsstrahlung

b. Characteristic

b. Characteristic

How much total filtration (inherent+ added) does the x-ray beam travel through upon exiting the tube?

a. 2.5 mm

b. 1.0 mm

c. 1.5 mm

d. 0.5 mm

e. 2.0 mm

a. 2.5 mm

The "edge effect" relates to image unsharpness worst at the periphery of the film is also known as?

a. anode heel effect

b. penumbra

c. effective focal spot

d. Inverse square law

b. penumbra

Which region would appropriately be imaged with a large disc angle?

a. Hip

b. Knee

c. Foot

d. Toes

e. Ankle

a. Hip

What is the relationship between voltage ripple and x-ray efficiency?

a. Inverse

b. Direct

a. Inverse

The effective focal spot depends on the

a. Focal film distance

b. Anode disc angle

c. Inverse square law

d. mAs

e. Generator type

b. Anode disc angle

A darkroom is used to process and handle conventional radiographic film for what reason?

a. a quiet area for film development

b. to keep film safe from ambient radiation

c. prevent film fogging from light exposure

d. To keep patients and processing separate

c. prevent film fogging from light exposure

Which of the following is a variable that affects him resolution/detail?

a. Generator type

b. mAs

c. Focal spot size

c. Focal spot size

The half value layer and compensating filters are is made of?

a. Tungsten

b. Thromium

c. Lead

d. Copper

e. Aluminum

e. Aluminum

Match the material with the appropriate element:

a. Lead

b. Tungsten

c. Polyester

d. Pyrex

e. Silver bromide

f. Thorium

Radiographic film emulsion

Anode target

Radiographic film base

Envelope surrounding tube with....

Grid

Used to infuse primary elements

Lead = Grid

Tungsten = Anode target

Polyester= Radiographic film base

Pyrex = Envelope surrounding tube with....

Silver bromide = Radiographic film emulsion

Thorium = Used to infuse primary elements

What percentage of x-rays produced are bremsstrahlung x-rays?

a. 50%

b. 15%

c. 85%

d. 1%

e. 25%

c. 85%

What type of anode is used in general radiography?

a. Binary

b. Rotating

c. Stationary

b. Rotating

The inverse square law in radiography is most closely related to

a. FFD and x-ray energy

b. Focal spot size

c. Peripheral image unsharpness

d. In-homogenous x-ray beam energy

a. FFD and x-ray energy

Which of the following is correctly matches the type of x-ray emissions Bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-ray production have?

a. Continuous - Bremsstrahlung, Discrete - Characteristic

b. Discrete - Bremsstrahlung, Continuous - Characteristic

a. Continuous - Bremsstrahlung, Discrete - characteristic

In order to minimize magnification on a radiographic image, you would do which of the following?

a. increase OFD, Increase FFD

b. decrease OFD, increase FFD

c. decrease OFD, decrease FFD

d. increase OFD, decrease FFD

b. decrease OFD, increase FFD

The conversion of alternating current to direct current is achieved by the?

a. Heat sink

b. Transformer

c. Rectifier

d. Generator

e. Rotator and stator

c. Rectifier

Film based materials have evolved over time. Choose the correct order of materials from the discovery of x-ray until current day?

a. Cellulose, nitrate, cellulose triacetate, glass, nylon

b. Glass, cellulose nitrate, cellulose triacetate, polyester

c. Glass, cellulose nitrate, nylon, polyester

d. Polyester, cellulose triacetate, cellulose nitrate, nylon

b. Glass, cellulose nitrate, cellulose triacetate, polyester

The grid sole purpose is:

a. Reduce x-ray film size

b. Reduce film contrast

c. Remove scatter radiation

d. Increase film density

c. Remove scatter radiation

X-rays produced via characteristic x-ray production have the highest potential energy when ionization of what electron is involved?

a. M

b. N

c. O

d. K

e. L

d. K

What are the 3 components of the tube and what are they made of? (short answer)

Cathode, Anode, Housing (glass and metal)

Cathode - Thoriated tungsten

Anode - Tungsten

Housing - Glass = Pyrex, Metal = Lead

In the grid, the height of the lead strips divided by the space between the strips is:

a. Grid density

b. Grid frequency

c. Grid alignment

d. Grid ratio

d. Grid ratio

If you increase/higher kVp (not recommended), you must also:

a. Lower mAs

b. Maintain mAs

c. Increase exposure time

d. Increase mAs

a. Lower mAs

Which fixed apparatus absorbs low energy X-rays upon exit from the tube helping to reduce skin exposure to radiation?

a. Collimator

b. Half value layer

c. Anode

d. Grid

b. Half value layer

Which of the following is a variable that affects detail:

a. kVp

b. mAs

c. Patient thickness

d. Focal spot size

d. Focal spot size

The type of tube that was being used during the discovery of x-ray:

a. Coolidge tube

b. Rotating anode tube

c. High-frequency tube

d. Crookes tube

d. Crookes tube

The most common material for a compensating filter is:

a. Copper

b. Aluminum

c. Lead

d. Tungsten

b. Aluminum

What is the "poor man's grid" composed of?

a. Lead strips

b. Air between patient and receptor

c. Aluminum plates

d. Compression paddle

b. Air between patient and receptor

RADs in 1 Gray?

a. 10

b. 100

c. 50

d. 1000

b. 100

A film with low contrast will have which of the following characteristics?

a. Long gray scale

b. Short gray scale

c. High density

d. Increased sharpness

a. Long gray scale

A compensating filter is situated between:

a. Patient and receptor

b. Tube and receptor

c. Grid and receptor

d. Tube and patient

d. Tube and patient

The accuracy of a x-ray tube timer may be checked by the test:

a. Step wedge test

b. Spinning top test

c. Grid test

d. HVL test

b. Spinning top test

What radiographic receptor uses a cassette scanner to extract image information from the cassettes' filament to visualize the resultant digital radiographic image?

a. Computed radiography

b. Direct digital radiography

c. Fluoroscopy

d. Film-screen

a. Computed radiography

A device that converts AC current to DC current is called a:

a. Transformer

b. Generator

c. Rectifier

d. Capacitor

c. Rectifier

What type of x-ray production involves ionization of the target atom?

a. Bremsstrahlung

b. Characteristic

c. Scatter

d. Coherent

b. Characteristic

The part of the X-ray tube that prevents electrons from spraying all over the tube after thermionic emissions is:

a. Filament

b. Rotor

c. Focusing cup

d. Stator

c. Focusing cup

What percentage of x-rays produced are characteristic X-rays?

a. 15%

b. 1%

c. 50%

d. 85%

a. 15%

Radiographic film base:

a. Cellulose

b. Nylon

c. Polyester

d. Glass

c. Polyester

Radiographic film emulsion:

a. Lead

b. Silver bromide

c. Aluminum

d. Tungsten

b. Silver bromide

Used to infuse primary element of cathode filament:

a. Copper

b. Thorium

c. Lead

d. Aluminum

b. Thorium

Grid material is primarily:

a. Aluminum

b. Copper

c. Lead

d. Steel

c. Lead

Envelope surrounding tube within tube housing:

a. Pyrex

b. Lead

c. Tungsten

d. Copper

a. Pyrex

The anode target is made of:

a. Lead

b. Aluminum

c. Copper

d. Tungsten

d. Tungsten

Which of the following is a x-ray interaction with matter?

a. Coherent

b. Refraction

c. Diffusion

d. Reflection

a. Coherent

The best method for altering and restricting the X-ray field is?

a. Grid

b. Filtration

c. Collimator

d. Exposure time

c. Collimator

The first American fatality attributed to ionizing radiation exposure was?

a. Roentgen

b. Edison

c. Clarence Daly

d. Bucky

c. Clarence Daly

The ____ is on the cathode side of the tube?

a. Anode

b. Filament

c. Target

d. Rotor

b. Filament

The line focus principle is most related to the:

a. Beam intensity

b. Grid function

c. Filtration

d. Focal spot size

d. Focal spot size

Film base materials have evolved over time. Choose the correct order of materials from the discovery of X-ray until current day (put in order)

a. Polyester → glass → nitrate → triacetate

b. Glass → cellulose nitrate → cellulose triacetate → polyester

c. Glass → polyester → nitrate → triacetate

d. Nitrate → glass → polyester → triacetate

b. Glass → cellulose nitrate → cellulose triacetate → polyester

A minimally dense structure in the body is likely to appear _____ on the associated radiograph?

a. Radiolucent

b. Radiopaque

c. Hyperdense

d. White

a. Radiolucent

Which of the following influences x-ray photon energy in the beam?

a. mAs

b. kVp

c. FFD

d. OFD

b. kVp

On what day in 1985 did Roentgen discover x-ray?

a. December 8

b. October 31

c. November 8

d. January 8

c. November 8

The electron shell closest to the nucleus of the atom?

a. L shell

b. K shell

c. M shell

d. N shell

b. K shell

Which of the following distances occurs between the patient and the receptor?

a. SID

b. SOD

c. OFD

d. FFD

c. OFD

Where on the image does penumbra reduce resolution?

a. Center

b. Periphery

c. Uniformly

d. Along beam axis

b. Periphery

What type of grid accommodates the natural divergence of the x-ray beam?

a. Parallel

b. Crossed

c. Linear

d. Focused

d. Focused

Which of the following types of rectification is the least efficient?

a. Full-wave

b. Multiphase

c. High frequency

d. Half-wave

d. Half-wave

Which of the following imaging modalities utilizes ionizing radiation?

a. MRI

b. Ultrasound

c. Thermography

d. Computed tomography

d. Computed tomography

The uneven distribution of radiation between the cathode and anode sides of the x-ray beam is called?

a. Penumbra

b. Scatter

c. Beam hardening

d. Heel effect

d. Heel effect

What is the relationship between max and resultant film optical density?

a. Direct

b. Inverse

c. Logarithmic

d. No relationship

a. Direct

The standard international unit of measurement for occupational exposure?

a. Gray

b. Sievert

c. RAD

d. REM

b. Sievert

X-rays produced via characteristic x-ray production have the highest potential energy when ionization of what electron shell is involved?

a. L shell

b. M shell

c. N shell

d. K shell

d. K shell

As kVp decreases the percentage of photoelectric effect interactions:

a. Decrease

b. Stay same

c. Become negligible

d. Increase

d. Increase

X-rays are what type of radiation?

a. Particulate

b. Nuclear

c. Electromagnetic

d. Mechanical

c. Electromagnetic

Based on the reduction of field of view to half the original size, what will the new radiographic factors be?

a. 70 mAs, 90 kVp

b. 140 mAs, 70 kVp

c. 140 mAs, 90 kVp

d. 70 mAs, 80 kVp

c. 140 mAs, 90 kVp

Which of the following factors is appropriate?

a. 20 mAs, 120 kVp

b. 48 mAs, 80 kVp

c. 100 mAs, 60 kVp

d. 10 mAs, 140 kVp

b. 48 mAs, 80 kVp

What is the most common cause of tube failure?

a. Electrical surge

b. Overheating

c. Filament breakage

d. Glass cracking

b. Overheating

Which of the following interactions results in ionization?

a. Coherent

b. Scatter

c. Reflection

d. Photoelectric

d. Photoelectric

Which of the following increases the amount of scatter produced by the patient?

a. Decreased kVp

b. Smaller field size

c. Thin patient

d. Increased patient thickness

d. Increased patient thickness

What human anatomy was imaged in the 1st medical x-ray of Mrs. Roentgen?

a. Arm

b. Right hand

c. Foot

d. Left hand

d. Left hand

Voltage ripple on a full-wave rectified single phased generator is:

a. 0%

b. 50%

c. 100%

d. 75%

c. 100%

The person who found a solution to grid lines on film after the invention of the grid?

a. Bucky

b. Roentgen

c. Edison

d. Potter

d. Potter

Who discovered x-rays?

a. Wilhelm Roentgen

b. William Coolidge

c. David Crookes

d. Thomas Edison

a. Wilhelm Roentgen

What anatomical part was the images in the 'first medical x-ray'?

a. Spine

b. Elbow

c. Knee

d. Foot

e. Hand

e. Hand

Which imaging modality does not involve ionizing radiation?

a. Fluoroscopy

b. CT

c. DEXA

d. MRI

d. MRI

Relative to the X-ray tube, the cathode is the site of production of:

a. Electrons

b. Step-up generator

c. Heat

d. X-ray photons

a. Electrons

What is the periodic table designation for the element tungsten?

a. Ag

b. W

c. Pb

d. Al

b. W

Relative to the cathode filaments, what body part would be appropriately images with the small filament?

a. Cervical spine

b. Lumbar spine

c. Thoracic spine

d. Pelvis

a. Cervical spine

What percentage of x-ray production is bremsstrahlung production?

a. 15%

b. 85%

b. 85%

What is the most efficient generator type to power an x-ray tube?

a. Single phase full wave rectified

b. High frequency

c. Single phase half wave rectified

d. Multiphase

b. High frequency

What type of x-ray production is created when the projectile electron from the cathode is influenced by the magnetic field of the atom and an x-ray is produced without ionization of tungsten.

a. Characteristic

b. Bremsstrahlung

b. Bremsstrahlung

What type of x-ray is produced by ionization of tungsten via the projectile electron from the cathode?

a. Bremsstrahlung

b. Characteristic

b. Characteristic

What is the site of x-ray production within the radiographic tube?

a. tube window

b. anode disc

c. cathode filaments

d. tube housing

b. anode disc

With respect to x-ray generators, which type does the Half-wave rectified type fall under?

a. high frequency

b. multiphase

c. single phase

c. single phase