Lecture 7 - Sensory-Perceptual Development

Sensation

The nerve impulse resulting from a stimulus

neural, stimulus, sensory, sensory

Sensation is the ______ activity triggered by a ________ that activates a _________ receptor, resulting in _______ nerve impulses traveling the pathways to the brain.

Perception

The interpretation of a sensation

multistage, brain, information.

Perception is a ___________ process that takes place in the _______ and includes selecting, processing, organizing, and integrating _________ received from the senses.

meaning

Interpretation gives _________ to a sensation

sensory, sensation, motor, perception

The _______ signal sent to the brain after putting your hand on a hot stove is an example of ___________, the removal of the hand following the sensory signal reaching the brain and sending a _____ signal back to the hand is an example of ____________

experience

____________ can change how we perceive something, for better or for worse.

vary, individuals, stimulus, different ways

Perception can _____ between _________. The same ______ can be interpreted in ________________

“My Wife and My Mother-in-law”, Rabbit-Duck Illusion, Necker Cube, Schroeder’s Stairs,

Examples of Perceptual Illusions (4)

inseperable

Some developmentalists view perception and action/movement as ____________, while others do not

Visual, Kinesthetic, Auditory

The 3 senses for motor development that relate to sport and activity:

Visual Sense

A person wearing glasses has an individual structural constraint of their ___________

kinesthetic sense

A person with Reynolds syndrome has an individual structural constraint of their ____________

auditory sense

A person with hearing aids typically has an individual structural constraint of their _______________

info, perceptions

Our senses provide us with appropriate _____ to generate unique ___________

light rays

_________ converge on a focal point, creating an image in the brain

Pupil

Dark spot in the center of the eye that allows light to pass to retina.

Iris

Thin colored structure surrounding pupil, controlling the amount of light passed through the pupil

Iris, contracts, dilates

In bright light, the _____ ____________, whereas in dim light, it ___________

Cornea

Covering of iris, pupil, and lens. It works to refract (bend) the light

Lens

Transparent structure behind cornea that refracts light to be focused on retina

Retina

Tissue lining the inner eye surface, composed of two photoreceptors

Rods

Photoreceptor responsible for low-illumination vision.

Cones

Photoreceptor responsible for visual acuity and color vision

rods, cones, night vision, color vision

Dogs have a higher amount of ____ then ______, which allows for better ________ but worse __________

Macula

Oval spot in center of retina, area of cone concentration

Fovea

Best point of focal vision, located within the macula

Acuity, 20/20

_______ is the sharpness of vision, it is measured on a _______ scale

20 feet

20/20 vision means that you see normally at ________ away

Snellen charts, modified

Visual Acuity of often measured with ______________, this is often ___________ for children

better, worsens

Visual Acuity becomes _______ during early aging and _______ with further aging

20/400, 20/200, 20/50, 20/30, 20/20

Visual Acuity Progression 

1. 1 Month: ______

2. 6 Month: ______

3. 1 Year:  ______

4. 5 Year:  _____

5. 10 Year: ______

10 years

Children typically don’t have 20/20 vision until the age of ______

skill performance, everyday

Declines in vision have implications for _________________ and ________ tasks

Presbyopia

__________ is the gradual loss of vision, effecting the ability to see nearby images

Depth Perception/3D Vision

The judgement of the distance from self to an object or place in space

Retinal Disparity

The difference in the images received by the two eyes as a result of their different locations on the body

3D Vision

Retinal Disparity aids in the judgement of ___________

able

Vision problems are typically named after what you are ______ to see

Near-Sightedness, Myopia

__________________ lack of ability to see objects far away, also known as ________

Far-Sightedness, Hyperopia

__________________ is the lack of ability to see objects close up, also known as ________

Astigmatism

Visual problem involving the mismatched shape of cornea and lens

Lack of hand-eye coordination, Squinting, Under or Overreaching for objects, Unusual head movements

Symptoms of Visual Problems

Motor Milestones

Blindness has been shown to have negative impacts on _________________. 

Transitional largest

_____________ milestones such as “Elevates self by arms” and “Walks alone across room” tend to have the _____________ discrepancy

Depth, Distance

Space perception requires perception of ______ and __________

Retinal disparity, Motion Parallax, Optic Flow

Information regarding space can come from ___________, ____________, and _______________

Motion Parallax

The speed objects move in out visual field being faster for nearer objects)

Optic Flow

The pattern of visual motion you see when you move through the environement

Driving, Eating and drinking, Walking, Navigating changes in height.

Daily Living activities that rely on perception of space

5 months

How long does it take for infants to have depth perception?

Refined

Depth-Perception ___________ to adult like levels during adolescence

Edges

Perception of Object based on what part of the object?

Figure-Ground Perception

The ability to see an object of interest as distinct from the background

Whole-and-Part Perception

Ability to discriminate parts of a picture or object from the whole, yet intergrade the parts into the whole perceiving them simultaneously

4-8 years

Development for Figure-Ground Perception in children occurs when?

9 years

Under __________, children typically can only see the parts of an object, not the whole the parts make

Size Constancy

Perception of actual object size despite the size of its image as projected on our retina (e.g., airplane in air)

Shape Constancy

Perception of actual shape despite orientation

2 main types of Touch receptors (Proprioceptors)

Somatosensors and Vestibular Apparatus

Periphery

Proprioceptors contain all receptors in what part of the body

Somatosensors

Receptors under the skin,muscles, ligaments, joints, etc…

Vestubular Apparatus

Receptors located in the inner ear

Tactile Localization

Ability to identify the exact spot on the body that has been touched

Lack of Tactile Localization

When working with teaching a younger population teaching physical activity regarding specifici parts of the body, why is it important to both feel touch AND see?

Threshold discrimination

Detecting the smallest gap between two points that touch the skin

Object recognition via touch

What type of memory is Haptic Memory?

Object recognition

Ability to recognize object from info

Body Perception: Identification

Ability to differentiate location and movement of body parts

Body Perception: Laterality

Awareness that body has two distinct sides that can move independatly

Body Perception: Lateral Dominance

Prefering side of the body the other

Body Perception: Side Preference

Favoring one of our eyes, ears, and feet one a side of the body over the other.

Pure Dominance

Favoured side for parts of the body is the same for all body parts

Mixed Dominance

Favoured side of the body for body parts is not the same for all parts

External Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear

Parts of the Ear

gelatinous substance filling inner ear.

What do newborns have special about their ears at birth?

0-3 months

What time frame do infants first show enjoyment hearing parents voice via only tone recognition

4-7

what time frame do infants gain the ability to recognize speech components and are encouraged to babble

8-12 months

what timeframe to infants start to produce sophisticated babbling and show understanding to simple verbal requests

1-2 years

What timeframe can infants name family members and simple objects?

Auditory Figure and Ground Perception

Ability to hear certain sounds over irrelevant sounds

Infants have poor auditory figure and ground perception

What might a coach for youth turn off music before explaining a drill?