APUSH Unit 1: Indigenous Societies and the Columbian Exchange

Flashcards covering regional Indigenous societies in pre-Columbian North America and the causes, transfers, and impacts of the Columbian Exchange.

What type of permanent multi-story dwellings were constructed by the Pueblo Peoples (Anasazi) in the Southwest region between ca. 900 and 1300 CE?

Pueblos built of adobe and stone, such as Cliff Palace in Mesa Verde, Colorado.

What main agricultural crops were cultivated using irrigation systems and terraced fields by the Pueblo Peoples of the Southwest?

Maize (corn), beans, and squash.

What hunting tools and methods were utilized by mobile bands in the Great Basin, such as the Shoshone, prior to the 1600s?

The atlatl (spear-thrower) and rabbit-drive systems.

How did Great Plains peoples, such as the Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, and Kiowa, adapt their living structures to follow migrating bison herds?

They lived in tipis, which were portable homes that allowed them to move with the seasons.

What major Mississippian settlement near present-day St. Louis was known for its large earthen mounds and ceremonial centers around ca. 1100-1200 CE?

Cahokia.

Which crops were known as the "Three Sisters" among the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) and other Eastern Woodlands societies?

Corn, beans, and squash.

What political structure was formed by the Haudenosaunee in the Eastern Woodlands before the 1600s?

A confederacy of nations.

What ceremonial gift-giving tradition was practiced by coastal peoples in the Pacific Northwest, such as the Tlingit, Haida, and Chinook?

Potlatch.

What type of permanent housing did coastal peoples in the Pacific Northwest build in their villages?

Plank houses.

Which historical claim about pre-Columbian Indigenous societies is supported by regional evidence across North America?

North America contained diverse Indigenous societies whose development was shaped partly by their environments.

What is the definition of the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of people, goods, ideas, crops, animals, diseases, and culture between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

What primary factors caused contact and initiated the Columbian Exchange between the regions?

European exploration, maritime technology, competition for colonization, and the search for trade routes.

Which key food crops originated in the Americas and were transferred to Europe and Africa during the Columbian Exchange?

Maize (corn), potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco.

Which domesticated animals were introduced from Europe and Africa to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange?

Horses, cattle, and pigs.

Which grain crop originally from Eurasia was introduced to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange?

Wheat.

Where did sugar cane and coffee originate before being brought to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange?

Southwest Asia.

Which Old World diseases were spread from Africa and Eurasia to the Americas, causing severe population declines among Indigenous groups?

Smallpox, measles, and influenza.

What forced labor migration was initiated from Africa to the Americas as a result of the Columbian Exchange?

The forced transport of Enslaved Africans to supply labor in the Americas.