english final

literary epics

Composed by an individual author who borrowed elements from folk epics

fold epics

Passed down orally during ancient times \n No definitive authorship \n Written down long after they were first composed

aristea

Greek for "excellence;" the pinnacle of a hero's fight \n Traditionally a hero's finest moments of battle that ends in a reward or death

in media res

Latin for “In the middle of things”

comitatus

the basic idea that everyone protects the king at any cost

epic characteristics (there are 6)

The HERO → A figure of imposing stature, of national or international importance, and of great historical or legendary significance \n The SETTING → Vast in scope, covering great nations, the world, or the universe \n The ACTION → Consists of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage \n SUPERNATURAL FORCES → gods, angels, and demons--interest themselves in the action and intervene from time to time; \n STYLE → sustained elevation and grand simplicity is used \n THE EPIC POET →recounts the deeds of his heroes with objectivity (fair mindedness)

Epic Conventions (there are 8 DESCRIBE THEM)

Starting the theme→ The poet states the purpose of subject of the poem \n Invoking a muse →The poet will call upon a MUSE (a spirit) or a supernatural force to inspire and instruct him \n "Rage-Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles.." The lilad \n Begins in medias res → The poet will explain necessary expository points larer in his narrative \n Includes a catalogue→ The poet includes a complete list of warriors, ships, and armies \n Writes in elevated style → Lofty word choice to heighten the importance of designed events \n Frequent use of the epic simile→ An involved, ornate comparison between two highly complex actions, relationships, or objects \n Setting is vast in scope → The hero will travel great geographical distances, perhaps even in other worlds \n Machinery→ Supernatural forces or influence from the gods is often apparent.

epic HERO characteristics (there are 8 its a LOT)

First Characteristic- Must excel in skill, strength, and courage \n Second Characteristic-An epic hero is often a warrior, someone who has succeeded in war and adventure. Heroes have spent many years at war or battles \n Third Characteristic- The epic hero is introduced to the listener, or the reader in our case, in a time of the nation's extreme disturbance. This goes hand in hand with all epic beginnings in media res. \n Fourth Characteristic- Honor and glory are ideals which an epic hero will always uphold. In Anglo-Saxon culture, it was crucial that warriors were willing to face any odds and fight to the death for the glory of their name and their people. \n Fifth Characteristic- Often a epic hero is a demi-god and/or possesses a weapon that has been bestowed upon them \n Typically gifted to the hero by a god; the weapon is large, can be well-known, and may be a heirloom \n Sixth Characteristic- The epic hero's journey must test his skill, courage, and strength. Our hero will often accept challenges, yet invite problems. Problems occur due to an epic hero's rash decision or unnecessary risk. \n Seventh Characteristic- Monsters or temptations will greet and challenge every epic hero. Epic heroes will fight monsters, demons, mythological creatures, etc. \n Eighth Characteristic- In order to gain aristeia (nobility), a hero may do so by showing excellence in battle \n In Anglo-Saxon storytelling, this is achieved by the hero battling a foe only of equal or greater strength than himself.

what is an example of a folk epic?

Examples: Beowulf (Anglo-Saxon)  \n Mahabharata (Indian),  \n The Tain Bo Cuailnge ("The Driving-Off of Cows or Cooley"  \n The Epic of Gilgamesh (Sumerian)

What is an examples of a literary epics?

Examples: Paradise Lost (John Milton), The Lord of the Rings (JRR Tolkien), Game of Throne (George RR Martin)

Who brought Christianity to the Anglo-Saxon people?

Saint Augustine

Where did the Anglo-Saxons record their years' events?

comes from the Anglo Saxon Chronicle,  \n a year-by-year account of major events (battles, rise and fall of bishops, rise and fall of kings)

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What are Hrothgar's men doing prior to the attack?

sleeping/peace

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Which biblical figures are Grendel's ancestors?

Symbolizes Adam and Eve's son Cain; symbol of evil derived from Cain murdering Abel

The Wrath of Grendel

\-The story begins in the Hrothgar's kingdom of Herot in Denmark. \n -they were loud and cheerful causing Grendel to be jealous  \n Kills 30 men  \n -The city was attacked by powerful monster, living down in the darkness, named Grendel. He attacked the city at nights. \n -Then, when darkness had dropped, Grendel went up to Herot. He found warriors sprawled in sleep. He slipped through the door and there in the silence snatched up thirty men, smashed them unknowing in their beds and ran out with their bodies \n \n \n IN DANGER 12 years to come over and help. Beuwulf being bravest only person to help??ARRIVAL AND STRENTH OF BEOWULF \n \n EPIC HERO CHARACTERICS

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The Coming of Beowulf

\-Beowulf, the strongest of the Geats, greater and stronger than anyone anywhere in this world, heard how Grendel filled nights with horror and quickly commanded a boat fitted out. He would sail across the sea because Hrothgar needed help.  \n -Beowulf and his men arrived at Herot and were called to see the King  \n -He heard about Grendel and he wanted to fight with him.  \n -That night Beowulf and his men stayed inside Herot. While his men sleep, Beowulf lies awake, eager to meet with Grendel.

The Battle with Grendel

\-And Grendel came, hoping to kill anyone he could trap on this trip to high Herot. \n -Beowulf was ready to beat him. And he did, he beat Grendel! \n -Grendel's one thought was to run from Beowulf, but Higlac's follower remembered his final boast and, standing erect, stopped the monster's flight. \n -Grendel had been caught and trapped. That trip to Herot was a miserable journey fort the writhing monster. \n -The Danes celebrate Beowulf's victory, but they did not know, that there is another problem. Grendel's mother... \n \n \n KNOW HOW IT ENDS

The Monster's Lair

the night Danes celebrate Beowulf's victory over Grendel Grendel's mother kills Hrothgar's closest friend and harries off her child's claw. \n she stole grendels arm \n Hrothgar tells Beowulf about the two monsters and their underwater lair \n People in the fields reported seeing two monsters, and one was a female \n The monster's lair was windy cliffs mists, and black clouds \n The lake was It is dark and fire burns on the surface

The Battle with Grendel's Mother

\-He leaped into the lake, would not wait for anyone's answer. The heaving water covered him over. For hours he sank through the waves.  \n -Grendel'smother welcomed him in her claws. She carried him, armor and sword and all, to her home. \n -He saw, hanging on the wall, a heavy sword, hammered by giants but so massive that no ordinary man could lift its carved and decorated length. He lifted it, caught her in the neck and cut it through, broke bones and all, he won. \n -After that Beowulf returned home, he became King \n \n KNOW HOW IT ENDS MOMENTS OF MACGINERY AND RESURRECTiON \n \n DEATH

The Final Battle

With Grendel's mother destroyed, peace is restore. Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules in peace and prosperity for 50 years. One day, however, a fire-breathing dragon has been guarding a treasure for hundreds of years is disturbed by a thief, who enters the treasure tower and steals a cup. The dragon begins terrorizing the Geats, and Beowulf, now an old man, takes on the challenge of fighting it. \n \n Beowulf hacks with his sword against the dragon's thick scales, but his strength is clearly not what it once was. As the flames billow, Beowulf's companions run in terror. Only one, Wiglaf, feels enough loyalty to come to the aid of his king. Wiglaf chides the other warriors, reminding them of their oaths of loyal service to Beowulf. Now the time has come when their loyalty will be tested, Wiglaf declares, and he goes by himself to assist his lord. \n Beowulf strikes the dragon in the head with his great sword Naegling, but the sword snaps and breaks. The dragon lands a bite on Beowulf's neck, and blood begins to flow. Wiglaf rushes to Beowulf's aid, stabbing the dragon in the belly, and the dragon scorches Wiglaf's hand. In desperation Beowulf pulls a knife from his belt and stabs it deep into the dragon's flank. The blow is fatal, and the writhing serpent withers. But no sooner has Beowulf triumphed than the wound on his neck begins to burn and swell. He realizes that the dragon bite is venomous and that he is dying. He sends Wiglaf to inspect the dragon's treasure and bring him a portion of it, saying that death will be easier if he sees the hoard that he has liberated. Wiglaf descends into the barrow and quickly returns to Beowulf with an armload of treasure. The old king, dying, thanks God for the treasure that he has won for his people.  \n \n He tells Wiglaf that he must now look after the Geats and order his troop to build him a barrow that people will call "Beowulf's Barrow." After giving Wiglaf the collar from his own neck, Beowulf dies. \n \n SEE HIS HUBRIS and COMMITAIRUS

the spoils

treasure

What are Beowulf's three dying wishes?

Wiglaf must leaed his army \n Build him a tomb and call it Beowulf's tower \n Seal the spoils from the battle w/ the dragon in the tomb w/ beowulf's ashes

What can we infer Wiglaf's new position will be among the Geats?

Next leader

How is the Monster Lair is TYPICAL vs how its ATYPICAL

typical- dark, burning, home to demon \n atypical- frozen underwater

did the anglo-saxons feel that comitatus was a traditoon that should remain prominent in their culture

Yes bc Wiglaf feels like he needs to protect his ;eader and he would die for him. Wiglaf shoes loyalty to Beowulf even when Beowulfs men abandon him. Wiglaf is rewarded for staying and fighting whereas those who fled are punished and executed.

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What is wrong with the treasure that the dragon in Beowulf is guarding? What does this imply about the Anglo-Saxon attitude toward riches

The treasure is molding and rotten this shows that Anglo-Saxon people do not value riches

What are epics meant to tell reader about a culture

They share a cultures values and beliefs through the journey of a hero who posses and represents these values

The Spoils

Beowulf lies dead, and Wiglaf is bowed down with grief at the loss of his lord. The dragon, too, lies slain on the ground. The poet briefly commemorates the beast's end. Slowly, the Geatish warriors who had fled from the battle straggle back to the barrow to find Wiglaf still vainly trying to revive their fallen leader. The men are ashamed, and Wiglaf rebukes them bitterly, declaring that all of Beowulf's generosity has been wasted on them. The cost of their cowardice, he predicts, will be greater than just the life of a great ruler. He suggests that foreign warlords will be sure to attack the Geats now that Beowulf can no longer protect them. \n Wiglaf sends a messenger with tidings to the Geats, who wait nervously for news of the outcome of the battle. The messenger tells them of Beowulf's death and warns them that the hostile Franks and the Frisians will most certainly attack them. He expresses concern about the Swedes as well, who have a long-held grudge against the Geats; he relates the history of their feud and tells how the Geats secured the last victory. Without Beowulf to protect them, the messenger predicts, the Geats risk invasion by Swedes. The poet confirms that many of the messenger's predictions will prove true. \n The Geats then rise and go to Beowulf's body. They discover also the fearsome, fifty-foot-long corpse of the dragon. It is revealed that the hoard had been under a spell, so that no person could open it except by the will of God. Wiglaf recounts Beowulf's last requests and readies the people to build his funeral pyre. With seven of the greatest Geatish thanes, Wiglaf returns to the dragon's bier to collect the treasure that Beowulf bought with his life. They hurl the dragon's body into the water. \n The pyre is built high and decked with armor, according to Beowulf's wishes. The body is laid in and the fire is lit—its roar competes with the sound of weeping. A Geatish woman laments Beowulf's death and grieves about the war-torn future that she foresees for her people. The Geats place Beowulf's remains on a cliff high above the sea in a barrow that will be visible to all passing ships. Sorrowfully, they recount that their king was kind and generous to his people, fair-minded, and eager to earn praise.

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What "family" does Wiglaf belong to? HINT: Beowulf believes he belongs to this "family" as well.

geats

What is Beowulf's fate at the end of this battle? Is Beowulf still a hero after this?

dies a hero

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What do Wiglaf and Beowulf's soldiers' actions reveal about Anglo-Saxon attitudes toward comitatus?

Wiglaf wants to prove his loyalty to his king, promises to help beowulf and showed acts of valo

Why does Wiglaf find it necessary to fight alongside his king?

He is willing to die for his leader, promises to help beowulf \n Loyalty to his king

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Upon greeting defeat, what do Beowulf's men and supporters do?

they panic and run away; they doubt beowulf

as his shield melts, what does beowulf realize is working against him for the first time?

Fate is working against hime

epic (heroic poem)

1)Epic- a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation \n Also referred to as a heroic poem \n 2)The hero's adventures are typically of national importance and include a QUEST \n 3)A journey that someone takes in order to achieve a goal or complete an important task \n 4)One protagonist goes on a dangerous mission against all odds to save a group of people. \n 5)Give insight into the culture's morals, values, and traditions \n A culture's "praise story"

why does beowulf feel no shame in using a weapon and shield?

the dragon has weapons of his own

what do dragons symbolize in many legends?

greed, evil

how many years does Beowulf reign?

50

who thinks that beowulf has been defeated during this battle?

the danes

What is machinery? Where is it found in this section?

Machinery: convention in which supernatural forces from Gods intervene to help a hero \n Found when God stepped in and ressurected Beowulf after being killed by Grendal's mother, also gives Beowulf a magic sword

why is beowulf able to defeat Grendel’s mother?

he discovered a magical sword and is able to kill her with it

what happens the night that Grendel is defeated?

Beowulf rips out grendels arm

What does Beowulf decide to take from the monster? Why does he do this? What does it symbolize?

His arm, does this to show he is defeated symbolizes Beowulf's bravery and heroic actions

how do the readers know that Grendel has been defeated?

arm hangs in herot

What happens when Beowulf's men attempt to help their leader fight the monster Grendel ?

Grendel placed a spell over their weapons

According to Beowulf, who will decide the outcome of the battle?

fate

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Why does Beowulf find it necessary to speak so highly of his father?

to explain to people he comes from a powerful kin, should be feared

Why aren't Beowulf and his men allowed into Hrothgar's kingdom right away?

Hrothgar's men outside the kingdom do not recognize Beowulf and his men

where are beowulf and his men sailing from?

geatland

who is Grendel unable to touch? Why?

King Hrothgar's throne, it was protected by almighty God

What happened when Grendel's ancestors tried to defeat man? Why did this happen?

They were killed because they were drunken and he was disturbed by their drunken revelers

why does grendel attack herot?

envy of their community

unferth

hrothgar's man, danish warrior, questions beowulf's capabilities before fight with Grendel

higlac

Beowulf’s uncle, king of geats

Edgetho

Beowulfs father

wiglaf

promises to help beowulf, owes him help for all the armor and weapons he's given, renowned family, loyalty to his king

Grendel’s mother

fights beowulf after death of son Grendel, wants to avenge her son

beowulf

leader of geats, feels nobility and glory, helped hrothgar and the Danes take care of Grendal

What qualities of an epic hero are apparent considering Beowulf's entrance?

Confident he will defeat Grendel, says fate will decide the outcome \n Says if he dies, send message of his death to his king Higlac

As Beowulf travels to the lair, which epic characteristic does this adhere to?

courage

Why is Grendel's mother a more fearsome foe than her son?

shes motivated by revenge

What are some superhuman characteristics of Beowulf that are revealed before and during the battle?

Has superhuman strength, during battle is ressurected by God and given a second chance

In what ways is the battle with Grendel's mother different from the battle with Grendel himself?

He is not beating her easily, he is taking damage and even dies but is ressurected

Why is it more important that the Danes know of Grendel's death as opposed to his mother's?

So that they can sleep safely and know that they do not have to worry about Grendal

Which Christian figure does Beowulf parallel? Why?

Jesus Christ, just as Jesus was called upon by the Almighty King to travel to earth and save humanity, so too was Beowulf called upon by God to save Hrothgar's people

Beowulf:

home country- \n title upon gaining aristea- \n Son of-

geatland \n king of Geats \n Edgetho

Higlac \n title- king of geats \n relation to beowulf \n home country

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kiing of geats \n Uncle \n Geatland

Grendel \n descented from? \n Time of arracks \n attack displays what personality trait

Cain \n when the people are people in state of peace \n resentel because he is driven to attack with envy

Hrothgar \n title? \n home country \n reason why he cannot be epic hero

King of Danes \n denmark \n he already posses power and status and cannot gain aristea

Hrothgar liententant/watcher \n questions who \n nervous to  \n suspects travelers to be?

Beowulf and his men \n Since they dressed in armor and he doesnt know who they are \n enemies of danes at first

Petrarchan sonnet

14 lines→ ALL sonnets are this lengthPopularized by Italian poet, Petrearch (1400's)Uses an octave (8 lines) followed by a sestet (6 lines)

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Petrarch sonnet structure

ABBAABBA \n CDECDE/ CDCDCD

Octave

8 lines \n Proposes a position"I love her.."

seset

6 lines \n Contradicts or modifies the position"...but she doesn't love me"

Shakespearean- Elizabethan Sonnets

Uses a variation of Petrach's Italian Sonnets3 quatrains (4 lines each)1 couplet (2 lines)

Shakespearean Sonnet Structure

ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

sonnet

a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme

Shakespearean Sonnet writes in.

iambic pentameter

iambic pentameter

5 stressed (metres) and 5 unstressed sylla bles (iambs) used to emphasize words and create seamless rhythm and flow

What are traditonal sonnets about?

love/admiration for an idealized person

metre

stressed part of the word that is emphasized

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Iambs

Unstressed the part of the word u dont emphasize

To whom are Shakespeare's final sonnets dedicated?

a dark lady

regicide

killing of royalty

volta

the shift or point of dramatic change in a poem

couplet

Two consecutive linesis a dramatic statement that resolves, restates, or redefines the problem from the quatrains

quatrain

\- 4 lines eachpresent a question for problem

We must consider Shakespeare's sonnets works of

fiction

the “Dark Lady”

Mary Fitlan;the difference between the spiritual love for the Fair Youth and the sexual love for the Dark Lady.

How many sonnets did Shakespeare write?

154

who was macbeth written for

King James I

fair youth

first half positive loving

dark lady

131-155 dark second half

Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet

Octave 8 seset 7

elizabethan sonnet

3 quatrains (4)1 couplet (2)

Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot

Occurred in 1605 when Guy Fawkes hired a group of men to blow up Parliament when the protestant King James I and the rest of the protestants Parliament members were inside. He did it solely because he wanted a Catholic England. Great expedition that James would be favored bc mom was a catholic queen but he fell short of expection. Replace more

Prose

Ordinary language without metrical structure \n Shakespeare reserves prose for low-ranking characters THE PORTER LINES

Great Chain of Being

People of the Renaissance believed that eveything within the universe has a fixed place \n \n minerals-plants-animals-humans-angels-god

Using the Great Chain of Being; in the Macbeth household who holds the power?

According to Macbeth Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are equal// According Lady Macbeth she is higher

the great chain of being is always follwing 3 things

1) males-> males will always dominnate the highest position within each link of the chain  \n 2) Absolute- the order of the chain will never change  \n 3) vertical power travels in a upward direction toward God