NUTR251 Exam 4

what percentage of the body is made of water

50-75%

how much of lean muscle is water

75%

how much of fat tissue is water

25%

what are the two kinds of fluid compartments

intracellular

extracellular

what is the AI for water intake for men and women

men- 15 cups

women- 11 cups

what are some foods high in water

lettuce

other fruits and vegetables

what are 3 examples of things your body uses to maintain fluid balance

antidiuretic hormone

renin (enzyme)

aldosterone (hormone)

what is the function of ADH? where does it come from?

lets kidneys retain water

released from pituitary

what is the function of renin? where does it come from?

activates angiotensinogen by converting it to angiotensin 1

released by kidneys

what is the function of aldosterone? where does it come from?

lets kidneys retain sodium, chloride, and water

released by adrenal glands

what is dehydration? what are some potential causes?

fluid intake doesn't equal fluid loss

illness, heavy exercise, hot environment, high altitude

what are some examples of when the thirst mechanism isn't reliable?

high exercise

illness

infancy

old age

what is water intoxication? what can it cause?

too much water consumed to where kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood

dilution of solutes

what is hyponatremia?

dilution of sodium in blood due to high water intake

what are the 3 main factors that affect mineral absorption?

physiological need for mineral

body has adequate stores

bioavailability

what are 3 things that can affect bioavailability

phytic acid from wheat (binds zinc and iron)

oxalic acid from plants (binds sodium)

polyphenols from wine, chocolate, tea (binds calcium and iron)

what are some functions of sodium?

nerve impulse transmission

muscle contraction

nutrient absorption

what is the AI for sodium?

1,500 mg / day

what is the UL for sodium?

2,300 mg / day

what can too much sodium cause?

hypertension

increased urinary calcium excretion (kidney stones)

true or false:

salt taste is not adaptable?

false

what are some functions of potassium?

nerve transmission

muscle contraction

regulates bp

regulates calcium excretion

what is the AI for potassium in men and women?

men- 3,400 mg / day

women- 2,600 mg/ day

what are some food sources of potassium

vegetables (beat greens, potatoes)

fruits

milk

what can too much potassium cause?

hypertension

affect bone health

what are some functions of chloride?

HCl component

immune function

acid base balance

what are some food sources of chloride?

table salt

processed foods

seaweed

some fruits and vegetables

what would be considered normal bp?

120/80

what would be considered stage 1 hypertension?

around 130-139 / 80-89

what would be considered stage 2 hypertension?

140/90

what would be considered hypertensive crisis?

180/120 and above

what are some nonmodifiable risks of hypertension?

family history

age

african american

what are some modifiable risks of hypertension?

obesity

inactivity

too much sodium intake

smoking

alcohol

T2 diabetes

what are some potential treatments for hypertension?

dietary modifications

stress management

medication

physical activity

DASH diet

what are some functions of calcium?

maintain and develop bones

nerve impulses

muscle contraction

cell metabolism

blood clotting

what are some food sources of calcium?

tofu

milk and milk products

beans

what can increase calcium bioavailability?

increase calcium rich foods in diet

eat calcium foods with foods containing lactose, sugars, and protein

what can decrease calcium bioavailability?

phosphorus

polyphenols

phytic and oxalic acid

what regulates calcium?

thyroid and parathyroid

what is the function of parathyroid hormone?

increase calcium levels

what can hyperthyroidism cause?

high calcium

what is the UL for calcium?

2000-2500 mg / day

what is the toxicity of calcium called? what does it cause?

hypercalcemia

kidney stones, bone pain, muscle weakness, hypertension, kidney failure

what are some functions of phosphorus?

major component of bones and teeth

acid base balance

energy production storage (ATP and creatine phosphate)

component of DNA, RNA, cell membrane, and enzymes

what are some food sources of phosphorous?

meat

dairy

legumes

what are some functions of magnesium?

bone structure and mineralization

enzyme cofactor

DNA and RNA synthesis

regulates BP

what are some food sources of magnesium?

legumes

nuts and seeds

whole wheat

seafood

what is the toxicity of magnesium? what is it often caused from?

hypermagnesemia

laxatives and antacids

what is the UL for magnesium?

350 mg / day

what are some functions of the trace mineral, iron?

transport oxygen (hemoglobin and myoglobin)

energy metabolism

cell division

immune function

nervous system function

what are some sources of iron?

heme: meat

nonheme: plants

true or false:

heme iron is readily absorbed

true

what are some things that increase nonheme iron bioavailability?

increased vitamin C

meat

leavening of bread

fermentation

what are somethings that inhibit nonheme iron bioavailability?

phytates

tannins

What is hereditary hemochromatosis?

inherited genetic defect that causes people to absorb too much iron

what are some causes of anemia?

blood loss

chronic low intake of iron (especially during critical periods)

what populations are at risk for anemia?

women

vegans

what is iron deficiency anemia?

lack of RBCs or the production of RBCs that don't contain enough hemoglobin

what are some thing that anemia can alter?

normal growth

behavior

immune system function

energy metabolism

what are some signs and symptoms of anemia?

fatigue and weakness

shortness of breath

dizziness

headache

cold hands and feet

pale skin

what are some functions of the trace mineral, zinc?

enzyme cofactor

heme synthesis

bone formation

immune and antioxidant function

taste acuity

what are some food sources of zinc?

meat, seafood

cereal

dairy

legumes

what can zinc deficiency cause?

delayed growth

delayed sex organ maturation

impairs vitamin A and immune function

what is the UL for zinc?

40 mg / day

what often causes zinc toxicity?

supplementation

what is the function of the trace mineral, iodine?

thyroid hormone component

what are some food sources of iodine?

salt

milk

eggs

fish

what are some examples of iodine deficiencies?

endemic goiter

endemic cretinism

hypothyroidism

what is the main function of the trace mineral, fluoride?

bone and teeth development

what are some food sources of fluoride?

fluoridated drinking water

seafood

seaweed

tea

what is a symptom of fluoride deficiency?

dental caries

what is the fluorides toxicity?

fluorosis

what are some functions of the trace mineral, selenium?

antioxidant

converts T4 to T3

what are some food sources of selenium?

wheat

wheat germ

nuts and seeds

what are some things that selenium deficiency can cause?

enhance in T4 metabolism

increase risk of cancer

Keshan disease

what are some things selenium toxicity can cause?

impaired sulfur and protein metabolism

nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, hair loss

what are some nonmodifiable risks of cancer?

old age

genetics

what are some modifiable risks of cancer?

tobacco use

radiation exposure

alcohol use

physical inactivity

what would a pescavegetarian consume?

no meat besides fish

what would a semivegetarian consume?

everything except red meant

what would a lactovegetarian consume?

only milk, no flesh

what would an ovovegetarian consume?

only eggs, no flesh or milk

what would a lactoovovegetarian consume?

milk and eggs only, no flesh

what would a vegan consume?

no flesh or animal products

what are some benefits of vegetarianism?

decrease risk of obesity, T2DM, hypertension, and cancer

what are some downsides of vegetarianism?

low in protein, riboflavin, vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, iron, and zinc

what can cause malnutrition?

under and over eating

what 2 factors can influence body weight?

genetics (40-70%)

environment

how can genetics influence body weight?

impacts body type, hunger and satiety

what is the set point theory?

genetically predetermined body weight and fat content

what is the "settling point"?

passive feedback between the site of body stores and physical expenditure

how does the environment affect body weight?

influence of family, friends, and living situation

when, what, and how much to eat

what are some factors that encourage high body fat?

aging

female

high calorie diet

sedentary lifestyle

social and behavioral factors

medication

location

genetics

what are the 5 things a sound weight loss plan would include?

rate of loss

flexibility

intake

behavior modification

overall health

what are some consequences of weight cycling?

high upper body fat

low self esteem

low HDL and immune system

what are some common practices among people who lost weight?

eating breakfast everyday

weigh in 1 time a week

less tv time

exercise for 1 hour per day

how many kcals should be expended during activity to lose weight?

100-300kcal

what are some important things to think about when exercising to lose weight?

duration and regularity

enjoyable

resistance exercise

what is chain breaking?

separate behaviors that occur together

what is stimulus control?

alter environment to lower stimuli for eating