adrenergic/cholinergic pharm final

nurs 207 pharm

what are the two branches of the nervous system?

1. the central nervous system (CNS)

2. the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

what are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

what are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system of the PNS?

parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

parasympathetic: cholinergic or adrenergic?

cholinergic

* think "C" for calm down like the parasympathetic system does

sympathetic: cholinergic or adrenergic?

adrenergic

*think "a" for adrenaline like the sympathic nervous system is flight or fight.

functions of the autonomic nervous system?

1. regulate the heart

2. regulate the secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, and bronchial)

3. regulate the smooth muscle (bronchi, blood vessels, urogenital system, and gastrointestinal tract)

functions of the parasympathetic nervous system:

(calms the body down)

-constricts pupils and bronchioles of the lungs
-decreases heart rate, blood glucose concentration, and amount of blood to skeletal muscles

-increases peristaltic action, glandular secretions, blood to digestive organs,

-contracts muscles of the gallbladder and urinary bladder.

(essentially it slows heart rate, constricts the pupils and the bronchioles of the lungs, increases organ function such as digestion)

structures of the parasympathetic nervous system:

nerve fibers (preganglionic) that come from the brainstem and the sacral region (lower part) of the spinal cord to join the nerve fibres (postganglionic) in the muscles and glands.

functions of the sympathetic nervous system:

(gets the body ready for danger or stress, opp of parasympathetic)

-dilation of pupils and bronchioles of the lungs
-increases heart rate, blood glucose concentration, amount of blood to skeletal muscle
-slows peristaltic action
-decreases glandular secretions , blood to digestive organs
-relaxes the muscles of the gallbladder and urinary bladder

structures of the sympathetic nervous system:

nerve fibers: (preganglionic) that come from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord join a prevertebral ganglion, then from here the nerve fibers exit (postganglionic) and connect to the vital organs

what is the difference between pre and post ganglionic?

The main difference between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons is that preganglionic neurons are the neurons that come from from the central nervous system and supply the ganglia whereas postganglionic neurons are the neurons that arise from the ganglia and supply the tissues

what do parasympathetic nervous system drugs do

1. promote the digestion of food
2. promote the excretion of waste
3.promote the control of vision
4.promote the conservation of energy

what do sympathetic nervous system drugs do?

1. regulate the cardiovascular system:
-maintaining blood flow to the brain
-redistributing blood and compensating for loss of blood

2. regulation of body temp
-blood flow to the skin
-promotes the secretion of sweat and polo erection of the hair

3. implementation of fight or flight reaction
-increasing heart rate and blood pressure
-shunting blood away from skin
-dilating the bronchi and pupils
-mobilizing stored energy

Cholinergic receptors are mediated by what?

acetylcholine

adrenergic receptors are medicated by what?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

what are the subtypes of cholinergic receptors

-nicotinic N
-nicotinic M
-muscarinic

what are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors?

-alpha 1
-alpha 2
-Beta 1
-Beta 2
-Dopamine

*makes sense it's alpha and beta because sympathetic NS is divided into alpha 1 + 2 and Beta 1 + 2.

what are cholinergic drugs?

-agents that influence the activity of cholinergic receptors
-most mimic or block the actions of acetylcholine
-cholinesterase inhibitors: prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine

tips:
-know the receptors the drugs affects
-know the normal responses to the activation of those receptors
-know whether the drug increases or decreases receptor activation

how does the parasympathetic nervous system create the effects we see when activated?

it releases acetylcholine at the end of the postgnglionic nerve fibers that then influences the organs by stimulating cholinergic receptors.

Nicotinic N receptors (subtype of cholingeric receptor)

they are located between preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibers

they promote the synaptic communication between the pre and post gangoliic nerve fibers. and they do this with the use of acetylcholine

Nicotinic M receptors (subtype of cholingeric receptor)

-they are located at neuromuscular junctions (think "m" for muscle) and they are responsive to acetylcholine ( a neurotransmitter)

--the impulse from a neuron to a muscle cell signals contraction of the muscle and is responsible for muscle tone.

-theses "buttons" are usually targeted to be turned off by drugs such as muscle relaxants in people that suffer from muscle cramps and spams.

Muscarinic receptors (subtypes of cholinergic receptors)

-they are also ACH receptors
-they plan several roles, including acting as the main end receptor simulated by ACH released from postgangolic nerve fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system

M1: increases exocrine gland secretions
M2: located in heart and slows down heart rate by slowing the speed of depolarization
M3: located in the smooth muscle of blood vessels and lungs, increases intracellular calcium and cause contraction of that smooth muscle, stimulates secretion in salivary glands/stomach, excitation in GI tract

*think MUscarinic, Mu for mutiple parts

what do agonists do

they bind to a receptor and produce a similar response to the intended chemical receptor.

essentially they produce a reponse that is intended by that receptor.

ex: a muscarinic type 2 agonist.

type 2 muscarinic slow heart rate by slowing the speed of depolarization
and since it's an agonist it will do that, slow the heart rate

how does the sympathetic nervous system create the effects we expect to see when it's activated?

the sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine or epinephrine at the end of postganglionic nerve fibers to influence the effector organs. it does this but stimulating adrenergic receptors

alpha receptors (subtype of adrenergic receptors)

Alpha 1 (constrictors):
-located on blood vessels
-when turned on:, vasoconstriction, ejaculation, contraction of the bladder neck and prostate

Alpha 2 (feedback inhibition):
-located in the CNS, platelets, exocrine gland of the pancreas, liver
-when turned on:
-inhibit insulin and enzyme release from pancreas
-inhibit gallbladder contractions
-inhibit release of NE and can decrease hypertension crisis, produce sedation and analgesia, partially block acute withdrawal symptoms in chronic opioid users

Beta (subtype of Adrenergic receptors)

Beta 1:
-located in heart and kidneys
-increases heart rate including speed and strength of contraction
-increases the release of renin in the kidneys to stimulate the RAAS feedback for blood pressure regulation

Beta 2:
-located in the lungs, coronary blood vessels and smooth muscle of digestive systems

-produces brochodilation
-dilation of lung and heart blood vessels
-decreased motility and tone of digestive system