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What is the significance of 14th July 1789 in French history?

It marks the storming of the Bastille

Define the term "taille."

A tax levied on the common people by the kings in France before 1789.

Name the three Estates in 18th-century French society.

The First Estate (Clergy)

What was the main objective of the National Assembly in 1791?

To limit the powers of the monarch and create a constitutional monarchy.

What is the "Reign of Terror"?

A period from 1793 to 1794 during the French Revolution when Robespierre's government executed perceived enemies of the Republic.

What is "Bastille" and its significance?

A fortress-prison in Paris; its storming signified the people's uprising against the monarchy.

Explain the role of the Jacobin Club during the French Revolution.

A political club that led revolutionary changes and was instrumental in abolishing the monarchy

What caused the French Revolution's financial crisis?

Long wars

What is the significance of the Tennis Court Oath?

It was a pledge by the Third Estate to not disperse until a new constitution was created.

Who were the sans-culottes?

Poor workers and shopkeepers who became radical revolutionaries during the French Revolution.

What is a constitutional monarchy?

A form of government where a monarch's powers are limited by a constitution.

Who proposed the division of government powers into three branches?

Montesquieu in his work "The Spirit of the Laws."

What was the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen"?

A document declaring freedom

What led to the abolishment of feudal privileges in France?

The decrees of the National Assembly in August 1789.

Who was Robespierre?

A revolutionary leader who headed the Jacobin Club and led the Reign of Terror.

What were the causes of the empty French treasury under Louis XVI?

Wars

What are "tithes"?

A tax levied by the Church

What is "taille"?

A direct tax levied on the Third Estate in France.

Why did bread prices increase during the French Revolution?

Rising population and stagnant agricultural production.

What did the National Assembly do to Church property?

It was confiscated and sold to repay the national debt.

What is the significance of 4th August 1789?

The National Assembly abolished feudal privileges and obligations.

When did Louis XVI ascend to the throne?

10th May 1774.

What is the Sunderban Delta?

The delta formed by the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.

What were the main goals of the French middle class during the Revolution?

Abolition of privileges by birth

What is "livre"?

The unit of currency used in France before the French Revolution.

Who wrote "Two Treatises of Government"?

John Locke.

What is the significance of 21st January 1793 in French history?

The execution of Louis XVI by guillotine.

What was the Estates General?

An assembly of representatives from all three Estates in France.

Who was the leader of the Jacobins?

Maximilian Robespierre.

What is "Guillotine"?

A device used for executions during the French Revolution.

Who were the Girondins?

A moderate political faction during the French Revolution.

Who authored "The Social Contract"?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

What is an example of indirect taxes levied in 18th-century France?

Taxes on salt and tobacco.

What is the Bastille Day holiday in France?

A commemoration of the storming of the Bastille on 14th July 1789.

What were feudal dues?

Payments made by peasants to their lords in pre-revolutionary France.

What are Duns?

Longitudinal valleys in the Himalayas.

What did Montesquieu advocate for in governance?

Separation of powers between legislative

What is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats?

Mahendragiri.

Define "constitutional monarchy."

A government system where a monarch acts within the bounds of a constitution.

When was censorship abolished in France?

1789

What did the National Assembly declare in 1791?

France as a constitutional monarchy.

What is "pain d'egalite"?

Equality bread

What are "Estates"?

Social classes in pre-revolutionary France.

What was the main content of the "April Theses"?

Lenin’s call for Soviet power

What is "universal adult franchise"?

The right of all adults to vote.

When did the February Revolution in Russia occur?

February 1917.

What is "Collectivization"?

Stalin’s policy of consolidating individual farms into collective ones.

What was the main cause of the Reign of Terror?

Robespierre's policies of strict control and punishment.

What were the three types of taxes paid by the Third Estate?

Taille (direct tax)

What was the significance of the National Assembly in 1789?

It represented the Third Estate's demand for a constitution and limited monarchy.

What was the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" based on?, The principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

What were the primary causes of the French Revolution?, Social inequality, financial crises, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas.

What was the Estates System in France?, A rigid social structure divided into First, Second, and Third Estates.

What is the "Tennis Court Oath"?, A pledge by the Third Estate to draft a new constitution for France.

Who were the "sans-culottes"?, Radical revolutionaries from the working class.

What was the role of the clergy in pre-revolutionary France?, They were part of the First Estate, enjoying privileges and exempt from taxes.

What economic factors led to the French Revolution?, Rising bread prices, war debts, and heavy taxation on the Third Estate.

How did Louis XVI attempt to resolve the financial crisis?, By calling the Estates General in 1789.

What is the importance of the year 1791 in French history?, The National Assembly completed the draft of the Constitution, establishing a constitutional monarchy.

What is the "subsistence crisis"?, A situation where basic means of survival like food are difficult to access.

Who wrote "The Spirit of the Laws"?, Montesquieu.

What is the significance of 14th July 1789?, The storming of the Bastille and the start of the French Revolution.

What is a "republic"?, A government where power resides in elected representatives.

When was slavery abolished in French colonies?, 1848.

What is "universal male suffrage"?, The right of all adult men to vote.

What is the "Thermidorian Reaction"?, A counter-revolution that ended the Reign of Terror.

Who was Marie Antoinette?, The Queen of France during the French Revolution, executed in 1793.

What are the "natural rights" declared by the National Assembly?, Rights to life, liberty, and property.

What were the key ideas of Rousseau?, The social contract and popular sovereignty.

What did the Jacobins advocate for?, Radical reforms, including the abolition of monarchy and establishment of a republic.

What is the "Directory"?, A five-member committee that governed France after the Reign of Terror.

What were the outcomes of the French Revolution?, Abolition of feudal privileges, rise of democracy, and the Napoleonic era.

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?, A military leader who rose to power after the French Revolution.

What are the three branches of government proposed by Montesquieu?, Legislative, executive, and judiciary.

What is the "National Assembly"?, A body formed by the Third Estate to represent the people of France.

What was the impact of the American Revolution on France?, Inspired democratic ideals and added financial strain due to French support.

What is the role of the Church during the French Revolution?, It lost power as its lands were confiscated and privileges abolished.

What is the "Civil Constitution of the Clergy"?, A law that brought the Church under state control during the French Revolution.

What is the significance of the year 1792 in French history?, France was declared a republic.

Who were the Girondins?, A moderate political faction during the French Revolution.

What were the political clubs during the French Revolution?, Groups like the Jacobins and Cordeliers that influenced revolutionary policy.

What is the importance of 4th August 1789?, The National Assembly abolished feudal privileges and obligations.

What were the Revolutionary Wars?, Wars fought by France against European monarchies during the Revolution.

Who were the émigrés?, Nobles who fled France during the Revolution.

What is "La Marseillaise"?, The national anthem of France, originating from the Revolution.

What is the "September Massacres"?, Mass killings of prisoners in 1792 during the French Revolution.

What is the "Law of Suspects"?, A law during the Reign of Terror that led to the arrest of suspected enemies of the revolution.

What is the "Committee of Public Safety"?, A powerful group during the Reign of Terror tasked with defending the Revolution.

What is the "Constitution of 1795"?, It established the Directory and limited suffrage.

Who was Maximilien Robespierre?, The leader of the Jacobins and a key figure in the Reign of Terror.

What was the "Great Fear"?, A period of panic and riot by peasants during the French Revolution.

What is the "Levee en Masse"?, A policy of mass military conscription during the Revolution.

What were the "assignats"?, Paper currency issued during the French Revolution.

What is "feudalism"?, A social system where peasants worked for lords in exchange for protection.

What was the "ancien régime"?, The old regime of monarchy and feudalism in France before the Revolution.

Who was Danton?, A revolutionary leader and co-founder of the Revolutionary Tribunal.

What was the significance of 21st January 1793?, The execution of Louis XVI by guillotine.

What is "levée en masse"?, The policy of mass military recruitment during the Revolution.

What is the "guillotine"?, A device used for executions, symbolizing equality in death.

What were the economic changes after the Revolution?, Abolition of feudal dues, land redistribution, and regulation of bread prices.