Neurons & neurotransmitters

What are trace elements in relation to neural firing?

Small elements that relate to memories and everyday experiences.

What are the two main areas of a neuron?

The cell body (soma) and the axon.

What is the function of the axon in a neuron?

It transmits electrical impulses down the line.

What happens during an action potential in a neuron?

An action potential builds up and fires a pulse down the axon to communicate with other cells.

How many neurons are estimated to be in the brain and spinal cord?

Approximately 100 billion, with some estimates up to a few trillion.

What role do glial cells play in the nervous system?

They hold everything in place and support the function of neurons.

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

Every neuron has an electrical resting potential until stimulated.

What occurs during the refractory period of a neuron?

The neuron is silent and cannot fire again until the threshold is built up.

How do neurons communicate with each other?

Through the sending of neurotransmitters across the synaptic gap.

What is the first step in neuronal communication?

Synthesis of a transmitter molecule.

What is the role of excitatory neurotransmitters?

They are associated with fight or flight responses, concentration, and fatigue.

What is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

They help with sleep, appetite, and regulating mood.

Name a neurotransmitter involved in learning.

Glutamate.

What neurotransmitter is known for its inhibitory role?

GABA.

What effects does dopamine have on the nervous system?

It affects thought, feeling, motivation, and behavior.

What is the function of serotonin in the body?

It regulates mood, sleep, eating, arousal, and pain.

What role does acetylcholine (Ach) play in the nervous system?

It is involved in learning and memory.

What are endorphins and their function?

Chemicals that elevate mood and reduce pain.

What is the endocrine system?

A collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

How do hormones differ from neurotransmitters?

Hormones travel through the bloodstream and can activate many cells simultaneously.

pituary gland

The 'master gland' because it regulates other glands.

What hormones does the thyroid gland release?

Hormones that control growth and metabolism.

adrenal glands function

They secrete adrenaline and other hormones during emergencies.

What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

Produces hormones that control blood sugar levels.

gonads

Endocrine glands that influence sexual development and behavior.

What is the primary hormone produced by male gonads (testes)?

Testosterone.