Nuclear conceptual Ap physics 2 review
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34 Terms
What is a half-life?
The time required for half the atoms in a radioactive sample to decay
What do Q and ΔQ values indicate?
They show the energy change in a nuclear reaction: positive = energy released and negative = energy abosrobed
Who discovered the electron?
J.J. Thomson
Who theorized the electron?
George Johnstone Stoney (named it)
Who discovered the proton?
Ernest Rutherford
Who theorized the proton?
Ernest Rutherford
Who discovered the neutron?
James Chadwick
Who theorized the neutron?
Ernest Rutherford
Who discovered the positron?
Carl Anderson
Who theorized the positron?
Paul Dirac
Who proposed rudimentary fusion?
Arthur Eddington
Who discovered how fusion works?
Hans Bethe
Who fully developed the fusion process?
Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam
Who constructed the first fission reactor?
Enrico Fermi
Write the general equation for positron emission
_{Z}^{A}X → _{Z-1}^{A}Y + β⁺
Describe positron emission
A proton converts into a neutron and emits a positron
Write the general equation for electron capture
_{Z}^{A}X + e⁻ → _{Z-1}^{A}Y
Describe electron capture
An inner electron is captured by the nucleus and combines with a proton to form a neutron
Write the general equation for gamma ray emission
_{Z}^{A}X* → _{Z}^{A}X + γ
Describe gamma ray emission
An excited nucleus releases energy in the form of a gamma ray (photon)
Write the general equation for beta particle emission
_{Z}^{A}X → _{Z+1}^{A}Y + β⁻
Describe beta particle emission
A neutron converts into a proton and emits a beta particle (electron)
Nuclear symbol for a proton
^11p or ^11H
Nuclear symbol for a neutron
^1_0n
Nuclear symbol for an electron
^0_-1e
Nuclear symbol for a beta particle
^0_-1e or β⁻
Nuclear symbol for a positron
^0_+1e or β⁺
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
What part of the nucleus defines an element?
The number of protons (atomic number)
How is nucleon number conserved in nuclear reactions?
The total number of protons and neutrons (mass number) remains the same before and after the reaction
How is charge conserved in nuclear reactions?
The total charge (atomic numbers and emitted particles) remains balanced before and after the reaction
How is momentum conserved in nuclear reactions?
The momentum of all particles involved remains constant and is shared among products
How are mass and energy conserved in nuclear reactions?
Mass and energy together are conserved via E=mc² — some mass converts into energy and vice versa
Who discoverd fisson
Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann and physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch