Mineral and Rock Test

Crust

• Thin outer layer

• Solid and Brittle

• Moho = Mohorovicic Discontinuity

• Part of the asthenosphere

Mantle

• Upper part - Asthenosphere

• Lower part - Mesosphere

• Plasticity (Solid but can flow like a liquid)

• Makes up 85% of the Earth's volume

• Temperatures range from 500 to 900℃ in the upper portion to over 4,000 ℃ lower down

85%

What percent of Earth’s volume does the mantle make up?

Peridotite

What is the mantle mostly made of?

Asthenosphere

Upper mantle where convection can form; rests below the lithosphere

Lithosphere

Brittle crust and upper mantle; rests on top of asthenosphere

Plasticity

Solid, but can flow like a liquid

Magnetic field

The interaction between Earth’s inner and out core creates Earth’s ______________

5400 C

Average temp of Earth’s core

80% Iron and 5% Nickel 

What is Earth’s core made of?

Inner core

Solid part of the core

Outer core

Liquid molten part of the core

Differentiation

the separation of materials based on their density (occurred during planetary accretion)

P waves

waves that travel through liquids and solids and gasses

S waves

waves that only travel through solids.

uwu

check out this pic and say uwu

oxygen, silicon, and aluminium

three most common elements in Earth’s crust

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, and Magnesium

four most common elements

Native Elements, Silicates, Carbonates, Oxides, and Sulfides

five main mineral groups

mineral

What is….

• Naturally occurring

• Inorganic

• Solid

• Crystalline structure 

• The same chemical composition throughout.

chemical composition and atomic structure

what gives minerals their different physical properties

color

✨Guess That Mineral Property✨

Is the mineral yellow? light green? black?

crystal structure

✨Guess That Mineral Property✨

“The particular repeating arrangement of atoms throughout the crystal” (University of Waterloo)

luster

✨Guess That Mineral Property✨

How a mineral's surface reflects light

hardness

✨Guess That Mineral Property✨

Does it break easily? Can you scratch it with your fingernail? Does it scratch glass?

streak

✨Guess That Mineral Property✨

Use a _____ plate to find the powdered colour left behind by the mineral

fracture or cleavage

✨Guess That Mineral Property✨

Does it break smoothly along specific internal planes? Or does it just break randomly with few/no smooth surfaces?

precipitation process

• when a mineral forms by crystallization from a solution

• normally formed by the evaporation of water.

magma process

• formed by the cooling of magma causing the atoms within the liquid magma to slow down and bond into solid materials and minerals.

• more time cooling = larger crystals

pressure process

• when minerals change deep within the earth at tectonic plates in order to form new minerals.

• no melting, the minerals break and change their bonds.

• “recycling” of minerals

Silicon and oxygen

Silicates all contain…

Carbon and Oxygen

Carbonates all contain…

A metal and Oxygen

Oxides all contain…

A metal and Sulfur

Sulfides all contain…

one element

How many elements do native elements contain?

False, they’re inorganic

True or False: minerals are naturally occurring and organic

rock

a group of minerals bound together

True

True or False: a mineral is in a rock but a rock isn’t in a mineral

Igneous rocks

• No obvious patterns

• No fossils

• No reaction to hydrochloric acid

• Form from cooling and solidification of magma/lava

• Can be intrusive or extrusive

Sedimentary rocks

• Rocks are made from sediments by a 4-step process

• Contain strata

• Often contain fossils

• Different minerals inside of the rock–with varying shapes and sizes of internal minerals

Metamorphic rocks

• form from heat and pressure being applied to a “parent rock”

• Have foliation

Yar

Yar or Nar: rocks must be solid

Nar

Yar or Nar: rocks must have a definite crystalline structure